162 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Suss. LEXV. 
(3) Meadow with tall herbs. 
(4) Marsh-meadow. 
(5a) Marsh. 
(6) Plateaux of peat moor resting on marsh. 
(5b) Strips of marsh at base of surrounding hills. 
(7) Hillsides with heath and moor. 
The meadow and pasture zone has Agrostis vulgaris dominant. 
Prominent : Cynosurus, Anthoxanthum, Holcus, Agrostis alba. Spirza 
abundant. 
Accessory : Iris pseudacorus, Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Scabiosa succisa, 
Juncus articulatus, Leontodon autumnale, Senecio aquaticus, Equisetum 
palustre, Ranunculus acris, R. flammula, Prunella vulgaris, Plantago 
lanceolata, Carex leporina, Heracleum sphondylium, Linum catharticum, 
Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Primula vulgaris, 
Juncus conglomeratus, Rumex acetosa, Alchemilla vulgaris, Carduus 
palustris. 
In wet parts a tussock association of Azra cespitosa, with Spirea, 
Juncus, etc. There is often water between the tussocks, with Meny- 
anthes, Comarum, Caltha, etc. 
li. Calcareous. 
11. Sanday.—North Loch. Soil shell sand largely, and in region of 
blown sand. Marsh, with Equisetum limosum and Agrostis alba ; passes 
into meadow, with Agrostis alba dominating. Ranunculusacris, Trifolium 
repens, Senecio aquaticus, Rhinanthus Crista-galli, etc., accompanying it, 
and there are no sedges. 
12. Sandy bottom of drained part of same loch.—Well drained owing 
to porosity of soil, but high water-table. Poa pratensis dominates. 
Festuca rubra, Trifolium repens, Rhinanthus, Parnassia palustris, 
Ranunculus acris, Agrostis alba (may dominate in wetter parts or on 
clay), Carex vulgaris, C. glauca, Senecio aquaticus, Potentilla anserina, 
Caltha palustris, Leontodon, Equisetum palustre, Lychnis flos-cuculi, 
Sagina nodosa. 
II. Dry PASTURES. 
i. Heathy. 
13. Grassy hillside south of Finstown.—Heather kept down by burn- 
ing. Much grazed over. Agrostis vulgaris and A. canina dominate. 
Trioidia decumbens and Anthoxanthum odoratum occur, and in places 
Nardus. Calluna and Erica cinerea in vigorous clumps. Great variety 
of heath, pasture, and meadow plants, ¢g. Willows, Pteris, Spirza, 
Scabiosa, Primula. 
14. Rousay, steep northern slope of Kverfea Hill—Much of it is grassy. 
Nardus and Agrostis dominate, with tufts of Aira cespitosa and an inter- 
mingling of heath plants, such as Empetrum and Calluna. 
ii. Intermediate. 
15. Field at Berstane near Kirkwall.—High and exposed. Fallow for 
many years, and tending to become heathy in places. 
Cynosurus is more conspicuous than Agrostis, owing to the smaller 
inflorescence of the latter, which, however, is more numerous. The 
following table gives the number of inflorescences of the chief grasses in 
several small representative areas of about a square yard in extent. 
