SOME REMARKS ON BRITISH FOREST HISTORY. 1 79 



in fact was served by the surrounding country.^ At the same 

 time Newcastle coal was brought freely into Calais '-—as well as 

 into other Channel and Biscay ports ^ — but it was employed 

 principally, if not exclusively, in the smithy and the lime-kiln> 

 Calais had been lost well before the time coal passed into general 

 use as household fuel. 



To the writers, and doubtless to many public-spirited speakers, 

 of the later sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, the great 

 enemies of English woods were iron and glass manufacture.^ 

 By the introduction of these industries into Ireland it was hoped 

 the woods of that country might be destroyed and the woods of 

 England preserved," although in the event the export trade 

 proved the greater destroyer of Irish woods. In the Lowlands 

 of Scotland the damage was apparently already done, but when 

 the pacification of the Highlands made the northern forests 

 accessible it was feared that the introduction of iron-works would 

 ruin them." Other trades also excited apprehension. We hear 

 of the malsters consuming all the wood within thirty miles of 

 York : "^ and to William Harrison the use of wood-fuel for brick- 

 making was a reckless extravagance,^ although not many 



^ An order of 1584 regulating the price of firewood mentions Western, 

 Kentish, and Essex billets, and Western and Eastern faggots : Proclamation 

 by Mayor, 20 July 1584 [B.M., C. 39, k. 14 (2)]. 



'^Letters and Papers, xiv. i. 81 ff. ; xvi. 40 ff., 121, 445, 568 ff.; xviii. i. 

 99, 105, 116; XX. i. 25, 61 ff. ; xxi. i. 31, 129, ii. 144, 306. Liege coal 

 is also frequently mentioned. 



"* Ibid. , xviii. 435 ; xx. ii. 80. 



■• Ibid., xiv. i. 81 ff. ei passim. Large quantities of wood were consumed 

 by brewers at Calais : ibid. , xv. 99. 



■'■ Harrison, op. cii., pp. 148-9 : Standish, New Directions, p. 4 : Edmond 

 Howes, Sto'urs Anna/es (1615), p. 210: Evelyn, Sy/va (1664), p. i : St. i Eliz. 

 C.15; 23 Eliz. C.5: Tudor and Stuart Proclamations, 1^0. 1 164 (23 May 1615), 

 forbidding use of timber for glass manufacture ; No, 1751 (29 July 1637), 

 against excessive use of timber for iron-making. A Relation of Abuses (1629), 

 Camden Miscellany, vol. iii. pp. 5 ff., attributes the destruction of timber to 

 iron-works and the supply of bark for tanners. The destruction wrought by 

 the latter is noted by Yarranton fifty years later: England s Improvement, 

 Second Part, pp. 73 ff. As to Ireland, see Cal. State Papers [Domestic), 167 1, 

 p. 184. Saltworks also consumed mucli wood : Leland's Itinerary (ed. 

 Toulniin Smith), ii. 94. 



"Dudley Westropp, Irish Glass, pp. 21-3; Cal. State Papers (Ireland), 

 1608-10, p. 419. 



"^ Acts 0/ Par It. of Scotland, iv. 408. 



^ Letters and Papers, xv. 229 {s.a. 1 540). 



* Op. cit., p. 191. 



