I 82 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY 



required twelve standards to be left to the acre was not regarded 

 and that timber trees were improperly felled to suit the purposes 

 not only of the woodman and charcoal burner, but also of the 

 tanner : ^ and he urges the inclosure and planting of commons 

 to save the iron industry, " for woods in the Countreys I name, 

 where there is Iron-Stone, and Pit-Cole, plentiful, are as the 

 Breast is to the Child; let that cease, all dies."'- 



Glass-making was not an entirely unknown art in England in 

 the later Middle Ages,-^ but its development appears to be due 

 to the encouragement given to foreign artisans by the govern- 

 ment under Elizabeth^ A large factory was soon established 

 in the hall of the Crutched Friars in London, " which consumed 

 a great quantite of wood by making of glasses " : it was 

 burned down in 1575 with 40,000 billets within it.'' The 

 apprehension the industry excited is difficult to understand : but 

 glass-makers appear to have continued to use wood-fuel when 

 most other industries had turned to coal,^' although so early as 

 1615 it was announced that a new way' of making glass with 

 sea-coal or pit-coal had been discovered, a process which had 

 been "perfected" by 1635." 



Fears that timber was being consumed too fast by one 

 industry or another began to be expressed in the sixteenth 

 century ; the series of English statutes, which starts with that of 

 1544 "for the preservation of woods," ^ commenced; and 

 projects for planting began to be published. The main pro- 

 visions of these statutes were to require twelve standards to be 

 left to each acre of wood felled — ^coppice was principally in view 

 — and to enjoin fencing for varying terms : the conversion of 

 coppice into tillage or pasture was prohibited. 



Three great difficulties, however, confronted legislators and 

 administrators. 



In the first place, there was an almost complete absence of 



^ Eno land's Improvement, Second Part, pp. 73 ff. 



"^ England s Improvement, pp. 147 ff ; Second Part, pp. 72-3. 



" Salzman, op. cit., pp. 127 ff. 



^ Cal. State Papers {Dom.), 1547-80, pp. 256, 297, 315. 



^ Stow, Su>-vey of London (ed. Kingsford), i. 148. 



^ When Evelyn was writing Sylva (1664), p. i., and see also later editions. 



~ Tudor and Stuart Proclamations, Nos. II 64, 1707 ; Middleton MSS. 

 (Hist. MSS. Commn.), pp. 182, 499 ff. 



* St. 35 Henry VHI. c. 17; this Act was repeatedly continued, and was 

 made perpetual by 13 Eliz. c. 25. 



