34 



contained a very small' larva, onl}^ three-sixteenths of an inch long, 

 and altogether too young to have devoured so much of the core and 

 pulp of the apple. Hence it is plain that, after the first larva had 

 made its exit, an egg was deposited on this apple, from which pro- 

 ceeded a second larva. 



od. 1 have repeatedly, from a]niles, peai*s, and even crab-apples, 

 of the same year's growth, raised the winged moth in the latter end 

 of July and the forepart of August. Now, if such moths generate at 

 all, where can they lay their eggs, except in the fruit of the same 

 year's growth, which presupposes a true second brood? Unless in- 

 deed we assume that they live in the moth state from the latter end 

 of July and the forepart of August all through the winter and until 

 the following June, which can scarcely be believed. If, on the other 

 hand, they do not generate at all, then nature has made them in vain, 

 which is incredible. 



4th. On October 23d, I found seven or eight cocoons of this 

 insect, in the crotches of a badly infested tree, among the loose scales. 

 On being broken open, they were found to contain the larva still un- 

 changed into pupa. Consequently, these were evidently destined to 

 pass the winter in the cocoon, and come out in the moth state in the 

 following June, in time to lay their eggs in next year's crop of apples. 



On the whole, although the two broods run into one another by 

 scattering individuals generated unusually late or unusually early — 

 as is often the case with species proved to be really double-brooded, 

 for example, with the imported Gooseberry Sawfly {Nematus ventn- 

 cosus. King) — yet the great bulk of the later individuals must be gen- 

 erated by the earlier individuals, and the earlier individuals must be 

 generated Ijy those that had passed the preceding winter in the cocoon, 

 and did not assume the winged state till some time in June. In 

 other words, the species is "double-brooded," as it is called. 



The practical inference to be drawn from the above is, that .\ 

 fruit-grower must not believe, because a certain tree is entirely free 

 from apple-worms till the end of July, that therefore it will be safe 

 from them for the rest of the year. Such a tree may be, and often 

 is, attacked by the second brood of this insect in the latter part of the 

 summer, when the apples are quite large; and it is these infested 

 apples that often hang on the trees to the last and ripen, whereas those 

 infested by the earlier brood are, as a rule, too small and puny to with- 

 stand so extensive an erosion, and mostly fall to the ground. I have 

 observed that where early and late apple-trees grow on the same spot 

 of ground, the early brood chiefly attacks the early fruit, and the late 

 brood the late apples. A shoemaker or a tailor or a blacksmith would 



