[ -430 I . 10 



thread, and then it may be presumed crawl up the trunk, or crawl down 

 the l)ranches and spin up under the first convenient shelter that offers. 

 Whilst observing- insects in the orchard, by lamp light, I have seen the 

 Coddling- worm, in a few instances, descending in each of the ways here 

 specified, and the reason we have not set-n more of them so doing, pro- 

 bably, is that they are nocturnal in their movements. 



The summer brood of these insects remains in the pupa state about 

 two weeks. In the latitude of Chicago, the great majority of moths of 

 this brood emerge in the last two weeks of July and the first week of 

 August. After pairing they proceed to deposit their eggs upon the now 

 partly grown apples. It is these eggs which produce the second or au- 

 tumnal brood of worms, which damage oiu" ripening fruit, and many of 

 which are gathered with it at the harvest. 



LENGTH OF LIFE IN ITS SEVERAL STAGES. 



This may be expressed, with respect to the summer brood, with ap- 

 proximate accuracy, by weeks, as follows : Egg state — one week ; larva 

 state — four weeks ; pupa state — two weeks ; imago or moth state — one 

 week; being eight weeks, or two months in all. Each of the three 

 first stages is known to be shortened from one to three days under fa- 

 vorable conditions ; but as there is reason to beheve that the moth may 

 live somewhat longer than the above estimate, the aggregate duration 

 of life will not vary much from that stated. The life of the second 

 brood, which survives the winter, extends through the remaining ten 

 months of the year. 



Having thus given a brief outline of the common or average history 

 of this insect, we proceed to notice those i)oints which are exceptional 

 or less generally known. 



NUMBER OF WORMS IN THE SAME APPLE. 



We have stated above that the female moth deposits her eggs, one 

 at a time, in the calyx end of the apple. This is the general ride. The 

 exceptions, however, are not so rare as has been supposed. I see from 

 my notes that in the examination of a large number of wormy apples 

 on the 19th and 20th of August, ten instances of two worms in the same 

 apple occurred ; and on the 21st of the same month, ui)on examining 

 two or three dozen wormy pears, four additional cases of this kind were 

 observed. In almost all these instances it is found that the first, and 

 consequently the larger worm, entered at the calyx end, and the second 

 one at some other part, usually at the side, but sometimes at or near 

 the stem. The habits of the Codling-moth in depositing its eggs may 

 be explained in the following manner : At the time of the appearance 

 of the first brood of moths, the apples are very small and incapable of 

 supporting more than one worm, and the Codling-moth has the wise in- 



