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Section 1st. Mandihidata, or Gnawing insects. — Mouth composed of 

 jaws and mandibles. 



A. Upper wings of a horny or leathery consistency; under wings 

 membranous. 

 B. Upper wings horny, and usually inflexible ; under wings folded 

 both lengthwise and crosswise ; inactive in the pupa state : 



COLEOPTERA. 



B B. Upper wings coriaceous, or like parchment ; under wings 

 folded lengthwise only ; active in all their stages : 



Orthoptera. 

 A A. All four wings membranous and transparent. 



C. Wings with many branching veins, and usually many cross- 

 veins ; abdomen without an ovipositor Neuroptera. 



C C, Wings with comparatively few veins; abdomen of the 

 females terminating in an ovipositor or sting : 



Hymenoptera. 



Section 2d. Haustellata, or SucMng insects.— The mouth consolidated 

 into a proboscis or sucker. 

 A. Wings four. 



B. Wings covered with bran-like scales Lepidoptera. 



B B. Wings naked. 



C. Upper wings of the same texture throughout, not lapping 

 over each other, deflexed or roof-shaped when at rest : 



HOMOPTERA. 



C C. Upper wings coriaceous at base, membranous at tip, 

 lapping one over the other at the tip, and lying flat upon 



the abdomen when at rest Heteroptera. 



A A. Wings two, membranous Diptera. 



