THE RUFFED GROUSE. 71 



and shortly afterward they cease, and stand or move about very 

 quietly, until they are again sta ted by one of their number 

 leading off." 



Nest — A hollow in the ground, generally lined with grass and 

 well-concealed. 



Eggs. — Less richly coloured than those of the northern form. 



THE RUFFED GROUSE. GENUS BONASA. 

 Bonasa, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 298 (18 19). 

 Type, B. umbellus (Linn.). 

 Tarsi only partially feathered, the lower part being entirely 

 naked. Toes naked and pectinate along the sides. Tail com- 

 posed of eighteen feathers, rather long and bluntly wedge- 

 ohaped, the outermost pair being nearly as long as the middle 

 pair. Sexes similar in plumage. A frilled ruffle of fan-shaped 

 feathers on each side of the neck. Only one North American 

 species is known. 



I. THE RUFFED GROUSE. EONASA UMBELLUS. 



Tetrao umbellus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 275 (1766). 



Teirao togatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 275 (1766). 



Bonasa umbellus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 300 (1S19) ; 



Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. B. p. 59, pi. ii. fig. 1 (1892) ; 



Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. pp. 85, 558 (1893). 

 Tetrao urn be llo ides, Dougl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 148 (1829). 

 Tetrao sab inn, Dougl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 137 (1829). 

 Bonasa umbellus togata, Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. B. p. 64, 



pi. ii. fig. 2 (1892). 

 Bonasa umbellus umbelloides, Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. B. p. 



67, pi. ii. fig. 3 (1892). 

 Bonasa umbellus sabini, Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. B. p. 68, 



pi. ii. fig. 4 (1892). 



{Plate VII L) 

 Characters and Range. — The plumage of viale and female alike 

 is subject to great climatic variation, some individuals having 



