﻿17 
  

  

  As 
  has 
  l)een 
  already 
  stated, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  separate 
  the 
  above 
  species 
  

   it 
  is 
  necessary 
  that 
  specimens 
  of 
  the 
  female 
  be 
  examined 
  microscopi- 
  

   cally. 
  If 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  larger 
  female 
  scales 
  are 
  carefully 
  lifted, 
  a 
  very 
  

   flat, 
  rounded, 
  reddish 
  object 
  may 
  be 
  seen 
  underneath 
  These 
  are 
  the 
  

   female 
  scale 
  insects. 
  Remove 
  a 
  few 
  of 
  these 
  and 
  boil 
  them 
  briefly 
  

   in 
  a 
  five 
  per 
  cent, 
  solution 
  of 
  caustic 
  potash, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  soften 
  and 
  

   clean 
  theni. 
  They 
  may 
  then 
  be 
  transferred 
  to 
  a 
  drop 
  of 
  water 
  on 
  

   a 
  glass 
  slide, 
  and 
  carefully 
  covered 
  by 
  a 
  microscope 
  cover-glass. 
  

   AVhen 
  this 
  temporary 
  preparation 
  is 
  examined 
  ,under 
  a 
  moderately 
  

   high 
  power 
  of 
  the 
  microscope, 
  the 
  female 
  appears 
  as 
  a 
  semitranspa- 
  

   rent 
  yellowish 
  disc, 
  the 
  margins 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  smooth 
  and 
  unmarked, 
  

   except 
  about 
  the 
  posterior 
  extremity, 
  which 
  forms 
  a 
  slight 
  angle', 
  

   with 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  marginal 
  lol)es, 
  incisions, 
  spines, 
  teeth, 
  and 
  

   "plates,"" 
  symmetrically 
  arranged 
  on 
  each 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  tip. 
  Under 
  

   favorable 
  circumstances 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  groups 
  of 
  small 
  -'spinning 
  

   glands" 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  about 
  the 
  genital 
  orifice, 
  which 
  lies 
  a 
  short 
  dis"'- 
  

   tance 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  posterior 
  extremity. 
  The 
  glands 
  are 
  wanting 
  in 
  

   the 
  San 
  Jos^ 
  scale 
  only. 
  On 
  each 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  deep 
  median 
  incision 
  

   at 
  the 
  apex 
  of 
  the 
  posterior 
  extremity 
  in 
  the 
  San 
  Jose 
  scale 
  is 
  a 
  

   rounded 
  lobe, 
  notched 
  outwardly 
  near 
  its 
  tip. 
  and 
  beyond 
  these 
  is 
  

   a 
  second 
  pair 
  of 
  similar 
  lobes. 
  Exterior 
  to 
  each 
  of 
  these 
  four 
  lobes 
  

   IS 
  a 
  shallow 
  incision 
  with 
  thickened 
  sides, 
  making 
  five 
  incisions 
  

   in 
  all. 
  Four 
  small 
  spines 
  or 
  seta? 
  will 
  be 
  noted 
  in 
  the 
  margin, 
  the 
  

   third 
  just 
  exterior 
  to 
  the 
  outer 
  incision, 
  and 
  the 
  fourth 
  about 
  as 
  far 
  

   beyond 
  it 
  as 
  the 
  distance 
  between 
  the 
  first 
  and 
  third. 
  Near 
  the 
  third 
  

   spine, 
  exterior 
  to 
  the 
  outermost 
  incision, 
  the 
  margin 
  bears 
  three 
  pro- 
  

   jecting 
  teeth, 
  each 
  ending 
  in 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  points. 
  These 
  sometimes 
  

   become 
  so 
  transparent 
  that 
  they 
  are 
  not 
  very 
  conspicuous. 
  The 
  

   middle 
  pair 
  of 
  lobes 
  are 
  well 
  separated, 
  not 
  closely 
  approaching 
  at 
  

   their 
  inner 
  apical 
  angles. 
  In 
  the 
  minor 
  fruit 
  scale, 
  these 
  lobes 
  

   closely 
  approach 
  each 
  other 
  at 
  their 
  inner 
  apical 
  angles, 
  greatly 
  nar- 
  

   rmymg 
  the 
  central 
  incision, 
  and 
  the 
  margin 
  exterior 
  to 
  the 
  outer 
  in- 
  

   cision 
  IS 
  finely 
  crenulated 
  or 
  entire, 
  and 
  nearlv 
  straight, 
  bearing 
  onlv 
  

   the 
  usual 
  spines. 
  In 
  Putnam's 
  scale 
  the 
  second 
  pair 
  of 
  lobes 
  are'want- 
  

   ing 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  nothing 
  resembling 
  the 
  tliree 
  teeth 
  of 
  the 
  San 
  Jose 
  

   scale. 
  This 
  species 
  occurs 
  on 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  trees, 
  including 
  the 
  pear 
  

   and 
  plum, 
  but 
  especially 
  on 
  maple. 
  Howard's 
  scale 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  

   inte^tmt; 
  the 
  tender 
  bark 
  of 
  the 
  twigs 
  and 
  the 
  fruit 
  of 
  the 
  plum 
  in 
  Col- 
  

   orado. 
  It 
  IS 
  similar 
  to 
  Putnam's 
  scale, 
  but 
  has 
  traces 
  of 
  a 
  second 
  lobe 
  ' 
  

   1 
  he 
  obscure 
  scale 
  has 
  been 
  described 
  from 
  oak. 
  but 
  it 
  also 
  infests 
  

   truit 
  trees. 
  It 
  is 
  one 
  half 
  larger 
  than 
  the 
  other 
  species 
  here 
  compared 
  

   and 
  the 
  female 
  is 
  quite 
  different. 
  There 
  are 
  three 
  pairs 
  of 
  lobes 
  and 
  

   a 
  third 
  rather 
  broad 
  and 
  shallow 
  pair 
  of 
  incisions, 
  just 
  beyond 
  which 
  

   on 
  each 
  side 
  is 
  a 
  short 
  tooth 
  or 
  projecting 
  angle: 
  and 
  beyond 
  this, 
  at 
  

   a 
  httle 
  distance, 
  are 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  similar 
  low 
  teeth. 
  

  

  LIFE 
  HISTORY. 
  

  

  It 
  should 
  l)e 
  clearly 
  understood 
  that 
  the 
  San 
  Jose 
  scale 
  occurs 
  in 
  

   three 
  widely 
  different 
  forms; 
  namely, 
  the 
  minute, 
  active, 
  six-leg,o-ed 
  

   larva, 
  recently 
  hatched 
  from 
  the 
  egg 
  or 
  born 
  alive 
  from 
  the 
  bodv 
  of 
  

   o 
  

  

  