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  The 
  parasitic 
  enemy 
  ( 
  Aphelinus) 
  spoken 
  of 
  belongs 
  to 
  the 
  hymen- 
  

   opterous 
  family 
  Chalcididn^, 
  and 
  is 
  said 
  by 
  Howard 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  common 
  

   parasite 
  of 
  tlu^ 
  armored 
  scales. 
  As 
  described 
  by 
  Professor 
  Smith: 
  

   "It 
  is 
  very 
  minute, 
  hardly 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  an 
  ordinary 
  San 
  Jose 
  scale, 
  and 
  

   of 
  a 
  somewhat 
  straw-yellow 
  color. 
  The 
  eyes 
  are 
  dark, 
  and 
  as 
  they 
  

   contrast 
  in 
  color, 
  appear 
  rather 
  prominent. 
  The 
  antenn;e 
  are 
  rather 
  

   short 
  and 
  a 
  little 
  thickcnied 
  at 
  the 
  tip, 
  and 
  are 
  kept 
  in 
  constant 
  mo- 
  

   tion 
  while 
  the 
  insect 
  is 
  moving 
  among 
  the 
  scales. 
  The 
  wings 
  are 
  

   ordinarily 
  laid 
  upon 
  the 
  back, 
  and 
  when 
  the 
  little 
  creature 
  is 
  seen 
  

   on 
  an 
  infested 
  tree, 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  found 
  walking 
  or 
  hopping, 
  rather 
  than 
  

   flying, 
  over 
  the 
  scales, 
  and 
  testing 
  them 
  with 
  its 
  antenntB. 
  seeking 
  a 
  

   suitable 
  one 
  in 
  which 
  to 
  lay 
  an 
  egg. 
  In 
  California 
  it 
  is 
  easy 
  to 
  find 
  

   specimens 
  on 
  any 
  infested 
  tree 
  at 
  any 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  year. 
  In 
  New^ 
  

   Jersey 
  they 
  are 
  much 
  more 
  rare, 
  and 
  in 
  many 
  places 
  the 
  trees 
  do 
  

   not 
  show 
  the 
  slightest 
  signs 
  of 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  parasite. 
  We 
  

   have 
  not 
  yet 
  seen 
  them 
  in 
  Illinois. 
  A 
  single 
  egg 
  is 
  laid 
  in 
  each 
  

   scale, 
  and 
  the 
  parasitic 
  larva 
  feeds 
  upon 
  the 
  insect 
  beneath. 
  When 
  

   ready 
  to 
  emerge, 
  the 
  parasite 
  cuts 
  a 
  small 
  round 
  hole 
  in 
  the 
  scale, 
  

   through 
  which 
  it 
  makes 
  its 
  exit 
  into 
  the 
  open 
  air. 
  It 
  is 
  easy, 
  

   therefore, 
  to 
  determine 
  the 
  part 
  that 
  has 
  been 
  played 
  by 
  this 
  insect 
  

   in 
  lessening 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  scales, 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  sort 
  of 
  doubt 
  that 
  

   in 
  California 
  it 
  is 
  extremely 
  effective, 
  particularly 
  in 
  the 
  southern 
  

   portions 
  of 
  the 
  state.'' 
  

  

  The 
  two-spotted 
  ladybird 
  (CJtilocorm^ 
  bivulnei-ns) 
  , 
  although 
  a 
  com- 
  

   mon 
  insect 
  in 
  this 
  region 
  and 
  throughout 
  the 
  East, 
  has 
  not 
  as 
  yet 
  been 
  

   seen 
  to 
  feed 
  upon 
  the 
  San 
  Jose 
  scale 
  except 
  in 
  the 
  Pacific 
  states. 
  There 
  

   is 
  scarcely 
  any 
  question, 
  however, 
  that 
  if 
  it 
  were 
  colonized 
  in 
  our 
  

   infested 
  orchards 
  it 
  would 
  serve 
  the 
  same 
  useful 
  purpose 
  here 
  that 
  

   it 
  does 
  in 
  California. 
  

  

  'Tt 
  is 
  black 
  in 
  color, 
  shining, 
  almost 
  hemispherical 
  in 
  shape, 
  and 
  

   on 
  each 
  wing 
  cover, 
  a 
  little 
  before* 
  the 
  middle, 
  there 
  is 
  quite 
  a 
  large, 
  

   dull, 
  orange 
  or 
  blood-red 
  spot, 
  from 
  wdiich 
  the 
  insect 
  derives 
  its 
  

   common 
  name. 
  In 
  size 
  it 
  varies 
  from 
  an 
  eighth 
  to 
  three 
  sixteenths 
  

   of 
  an 
  inch 
  in 
  length, 
  and 
  as 
  increased 
  length 
  is 
  also 
  accompanied 
  by 
  

   increased 
  breadth 
  and 
  thickness, 
  the 
  largest 
  specimen 
  seems 
  more 
  

   than 
  double 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  smallest. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  bright 
  yellow 
  in 
  

   color, 
  and 
  (|uite 
  large 
  in 
  proportion 
  to 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  beetle. 
  They 
  are 
  

   elongate-oval 
  in 
  shape, 
  set 
  on 
  end 
  in 
  little 
  groups, 
  something 
  like 
  

   those 
  of 
  the 
  potato 
  beetle, 
  and 
  in 
  a 
  general 
  way 
  resemble 
  the 
  eggs 
  

   of 
  other 
  ladybirds, 
  which 
  are 
  not 
  uncommonly 
  found 
  on 
  leaves 
  in- 
  

   fested 
  l)y 
  plant-lice. 
  The 
  larvfp 
  are 
  very 
  dark 
  gray 
  or 
  blackish, 
  

   spiny, 
  and 
  with 
  a 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  well-marked 
  whitish 
  or 
  yellowish 
  

   transverse 
  band 
  across 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  body. 
  This 
  mark 
  is 
  quite 
  

   characteristic 
  and 
  makes 
  it 
  possible 
  to 
  recognize 
  t]ie 
  insect 
  in 
  this 
  

   stage 
  with 
  great 
  certainty. 
  These 
  insects 
  may 
  be 
  found 
  active 
  at 
  all 
  

   seasons 
  of 
  the 
  year, 
  and 
  they 
  feed 
  upon 
  armored 
  scales 
  in 
  preference, 
  

   on 
  the 
  Pacific 
  coast 
  generally 
  preferring 
  the 
  pernicious 
  scale 
  to 
  

   almost 
  anything 
  else. 
  The 
  beetle 
  hibernates 
  and 
  appears 
  towards 
  

   the 
  beginning 
  of 
  May. 
  It 
  lays 
  eggs, 
  from 
  which 
  larvjv 
  hatch 
  about 
  

   the 
  tenth 
  of 
  that 
  month 
  or 
  a 
  little 
  later, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  in 
  July 
  a 
  

   second 
  brood 
  of 
  beetles 
  makes 
  its 
  appearance 
  from 
  tlu'se 
  larva\ 
  In 
  

  

  