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  applied 
  the 
  spray. 
  Everything 
  I 
  asked 
  was 
  cheerfully 
  done. 
  Trees 
  too 
  

   seriously 
  damaged 
  for 
  treatment 
  were 
  cut 
  down 
  and 
  burned 
  over 
  their 
  

   stumps, 
  and 
  a 
  row 
  of 
  osage-orange 
  hedge 
  especially 
  valued 
  by 
  the 
  owner 
  

   because 
  in 
  a 
  year 
  or 
  two 
  it 
  would 
  yield 
  valuable 
  posts 
  was 
  also 
  cut 
  out 
  

   by 
  my 
  advice 
  and 
  thoroughly 
  destroyed. 
  Mr. 
  Stem 
  made 
  five 
  trips 
  to 
  

   town 
  on 
  my 
  account, 
  gave 
  five 
  days' 
  work 
  of 
  three 
  men, 
  sacrificed 
  about 
  

   two 
  hundred 
  trees 
  besides 
  the 
  hedge, 
  and 
  put 
  himself 
  to 
  considerable 
  

   inconvenience 
  in 
  his 
  farming 
  operations, 
  as 
  his 
  teams 
  were 
  left 
  idle 
  

   when 
  his 
  oats 
  should 
  have 
  been 
  planted." 
  

  

  General 
  Insecticide 
  Procedure. 
  

  

  The 
  field 
  assistants 
  responsible 
  for 
  the 
  spraying 
  of 
  infested 
  orchards 
  

   were 
  Professor 
  H. 
  E. 
  Summers 
  and 
  Messrs. 
  E. 
  C. 
  Green 
  and 
  R. 
  W. 
  

   Braucher. 
  Their 
  methods 
  were, 
  of 
  course, 
  substantially 
  the 
  same. 
  

   When 
  hand 
  sprayers 
  were 
  used 
  the 
  soap 
  solution 
  (two 
  pounds 
  to 
  the 
  

   gallon 
  of 
  water 
  ) 
  was 
  made 
  in 
  large 
  soap 
  kettles, 
  which 
  it 
  was 
  possible 
  

   to 
  find 
  in 
  every 
  neighborhood. 
  To 
  diminish 
  the 
  labor 
  and 
  expense, 
  

   and 
  likewise 
  to 
  insure 
  a 
  more 
  thorough 
  application 
  of 
  the 
  insecticide, 
  

   trees 
  to 
  be 
  sprayed 
  were 
  pruned 
  and 
  cut 
  back 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  the 
  owner 
  

   would 
  permit. 
  If 
  the 
  trunks 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  were 
  rough 
  they 
  were 
  scraped 
  

   to 
  remove 
  loose 
  bark, 
  and 
  if 
  the 
  scale 
  was 
  found 
  upon 
  the 
  trunk 
  the 
  

   earth 
  was 
  scraped 
  away 
  to 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  roots. 
  The 
  assistant 
  

   always 
  directed 
  the 
  spray 
  himself, 
  depending 
  on 
  the 
  aid 
  of 
  owners 
  for 
  

   the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  work. 
  In 
  distributing 
  the 
  insecticide, 
  limbs 
  and 
  branches 
  

   were 
  followed 
  out 
  one 
  by 
  one 
  with 
  the 
  nozzle 
  in 
  a 
  way 
  to 
  make 
  sure 
  

   that 
  the 
  spray 
  reached 
  every 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  surface. 
  Trees 
  were 
  fre- 
  

   quently 
  sprayed 
  from 
  opposite 
  directions, 
  especially 
  if 
  the 
  wind 
  were 
  

   blowing 
  considerably. 
  Trees 
  so 
  covered 
  with 
  the 
  scale 
  that 
  the 
  surface 
  

   of 
  the 
  bark 
  was 
  generally 
  concealed 
  were 
  commonly 
  cut 
  out 
  and 
  burned. 
  

   When 
  the 
  machine 
  sprayer 
  was 
  in 
  use 
  two 
  men 
  from 
  my 
  office 
  traveled 
  

   with 
  it, 
  and 
  two 
  lines 
  of 
  hose 
  were 
  commonly 
  used 
  at 
  once, 
  with 
  two 
  

   spray 
  nozzles 
  for 
  each. 
  The 
  soap 
  solution 
  was 
  in 
  process 
  of 
  prepara- 
  

   tion 
  in 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  tanks 
  while 
  the 
  spraying 
  was 
  emptying 
  the 
  other, 
  

   and 
  the 
  spraying 
  machine 
  was 
  thus 
  kept 
  continuously 
  at 
  work. 
  For 
  this 
  

   continuous 
  operation 
  of 
  the 
  apparatus, 
  however, 
  a 
  third 
  man 
  was 
  re- 
  

   quired 
  to 
  attend 
  to 
  the 
  engine 
  and 
  make 
  the 
  soap 
  solution. 
  

  

  The 
  progress 
  of 
  the 
  work 
  was 
  very 
  much 
  delayed 
  and 
  continuously 
  

   embarrassed 
  by 
  the 
  unusually 
  wet 
  and 
  open 
  winter. 
  Frequent 
  rains 
  and 
  

   sleets 
  hindered 
  orchard 
  work 
  or 
  made 
  a 
  repetition 
  of 
  it 
  necessary, 
  and 
  

   the 
  wretched 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  roads 
  blockaded 
  the 
  machine 
  .sprayer 
  for 
  

   weeks 
  at 
  a 
  time. 
  We 
  also 
  found 
  this 
  large 
  and 
  heavy 
  apparatus 
  incon- 
  

   venient 
  for 
  our 
  purpose 
  owing 
  to 
  difficulties 
  of 
  railroad 
  transportation. 
  

  

  