256 THE SOLAR ECLIPSE. 
also the same protuberances should then appear at the sides of the moon. From 
the further proposition of Mr. Madler, to use the ten-year period of solar spots 
in a similar manner, and compare the total eclipses which occur at equal phases 
of this period in order to decide whether the solar spots have a connexion with 
the protuberances, but little success may be anticipated generally. Very in- 
structive lithographic plates are appended to the memoir, where we find all the 
hitherto observed ‘protuberances represented. Mr. Midler himself, in Vitoria, 
noted the protuberances a, 4, d, e, and two smaller prominences besides; the 
observation of these, and comparison with the statements of other observers, 
leads him to the conclusion that solar clouds, and not diffraction or inflexion, are 
the cause of the phenomenon. 
Mr. Thiele (106) gives a sketch of the protuberances, together with an esti- 
mate of the altitudes and position-angles; whence we can deduce that he saw 
the protuberance a, (pos. 148° ; initial altitude, 2’; vanished one minute forty- 
six seconds after beginning of totality,) the mountain chain 4, (pos. 90° to 120°,) 
the floating cloud c, (pos. 46°,) the protuberance d, (pos. 28°,) and the pro- 
tuberance e, (pos. 345°.) From his own observations and those of others he 
deduces the velocity with which the moon apparently advanced over the pro- 
tuberances, and finds the numerical result two or three times as great as it 
should have been upon the supposition that the protuberances belonged to the 
sun. 
Mr. Von Wallenberg (79) observed very near the limit of the zone of totality 
in Valencia, and appears to have seen the protuberances f and g at the lower, 
and then @ and @ at the eastern limb of the moon. He describes the rays of 
the corona as uneven, and with cloud-like termination, and notes three in par- 
ticular, one of which (slightly curved to the south) seemed to proceed from 
between the two eastern protuberances, and the other two (hook-shaped, with 
their concave sides towards each other) to proceed from the vicinity of the two 
lower protuberances. It may also be added as worthy of remark, that, at be- 
ginning of totality, the narrow solar crescent did not run together at the mid- 
dle, but towards a small notch in the moon’s limb somewhat on one side from 
the middle; and here a point of light remained behind, and vanished 15 seconds 
after the crescent. 
Mr. Goldschmidt (41) (42) observed the protuberances a, 6, ¢, d, (whose 
position-angles were probably given not from his own observation, but from the 
photographic determinations of Mr. Secchi,) and another protuberance at 195°, 
and two small ones at 36° and 60°. From his circumstantial description we 
perceive that before the vanishing of the sun he saw a gray-cloud stratum, 
situated at the sun’s limb, just where the protuberance 6 appeared afterwards ; 
that the protuberance e in the course of the totality changed considerably in 
form and color, and that d remained visible yet 4 minutes 40 seconds after the 
reappearance of the sun. He ascribes to the corona a yellow color; he com- 
pares the protuberances, whose altitudes he gives about twice as great as other 
observers, to glowing wood coals. He brings up as a thing especially noted 
ae during the totality, “the dark moon had had an inner broad and defined 
imb.” 
Mr. W. de la Rue (76) describes, first, the preparations which he had made 
for photographing, and then informs of the result, which consisted in obtaining 
two photographs during the totality, and thirty-one during the rest of the 
course of the eclipse. He, himself, observed the phenomenon with a telescope, 
in whose focus was applied a glass with lines for helping to estimate magnitude 
and position of protuberances; and he saw some minutes before totality, when 
he had diminished the light by refleetion from a glass surface, the whole cir- 
cumference of the moon and a bright protuberance eastward from the zenith. 
Afterwards, immediately before the sun vanished, he could, without diminish- 
ing the light, discern the floating cloud ¢, and a whole series of protuberances 
