78 THE HISTORY OF CREATION. 
each has formed of the objective “ form-relationships” of 
organisms, These form-relationships, however, as the reader 
has seen, are in reality the necessary result of true blood 
relationship. Consequently, every morphologist in promot- 
ing our knowledge of the natural system, at the same time 
promotes our knowledge of the pedigree, whether he wishes 
it or not. The more the natural system deserves its name, 
and the more firmly it is established upon the concordance 
of results obtained from the study of comparative anatomy, 
ontogeny, and paleontology, the more surely may we con- 
sider it as the approximate expression of the true pedigree 
of the organic world. 
In entering upon the task contemplated in this chapter, 
the genealogy of the vegetable kingdom, we shall have, 
according to this principle, first to glance at the natural 
system of the vegetable kingdom as it is at present (with 
more or less important modifications) adopted by most 
botanists. According to the system generally in vogue, the 
whole series of vegetable forms is divided into two main 
sroups. These main divisions, or sub-kingdoms, are the same 
as were distinguished more than a century ago by Charles 
Linnzus, the founder of systematic natural history, and 
which he called Cryptogamia, or secretly-blossoming plants, 
and Phanerogania, or openly-flowering plants. The latter, 
Linnzeus, in his artificial system of plants, divided, according 
to the different number, formation, and combination of the 
anthers, and also according to the distribution of the sexual 
organs, into twenty-three different classes, and then added 
the Cryptogamia to these as the twenty-fourth and last 
class. 
The Cryptogamia, the secretly-blossoming or tlowerless 
