CHAPTER XVIII. 
PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM, 
I. ANIMAL-PLANTS AND Worms. 
The Natural System of the Animal Kingdom.—Linnzus and Lamarck’s 
Systems.—The Four Types of Bar and Cuvier.—Their Increase to Seven 
Types.—Genealogical Importance of the Seven Types as Independent 
Tribes of the Animal Kingdom.—Derivation of Zoophytes and Worms 
from Primzval Animals.—Monophyletic and Polyphyletic Hypothesis 
of the Descent of the Animal Kingdom.—Common Origin of the Four 
Higher Animal Tribes out of the Worm Tribe.—Division of the Seven 
Animal Tribes into Sixteen Main Classes, and Thirty-eight Classes.—Pri-. 
meval Animals (Monera, Amcebe, Synamcebee), Gregarines, Infusoria, 
Planzades, and Gastrzeades (Planula and Gastrula).—Tribe of Zoophytes. 
—Spongize (Mucous Sponges, Fibrous Sponges, Calcareous Sponges).— 
Sea Nettles, or Acalephz Corals, Hood-jellies, Comb-jellies).—Tribe of 
Worms. 
THE natural system of organisms which we must employ 
in the animal as well as in the vegetable kingdom, as a 
guide in our genealogical investigations, is in both cases 
of but recent origin, and essentially determined by the 
progress of comparative anatomy and ontogeny (the history 
of individual development) during the present century. 
Almost all the attempts at classification made in the last 
century followed the path of the artificial system, which 
was first established in a consistent manner by Charles 
