232 THE HISTORY OF CREATION, 
morphological point of view, belongs to the class of Mam- 
mals. From this there directly follows the exceedingly 
important inference that man, by consanguinity also, is a 
member of this class of animals, and has historically 
developed out of long since extinct forms of Mammals. 
This circumstance alone justifies us here in turning our 
especial attention to the history and the pedigree of 
Mammals. Let us, therefore, for this purpose first examine 
the groups of this class of animals. 
Older naturalists, especially considering the formation of 
the jaw and feet, divided the class of Mammals into a 
series of from eight to sixteen orders. The lowest stage of 
the series was occupied by the whales, which seemed to differ 
most from man, who stands at the highest stage, by their 
fish-like form of body. Thus Linnzus distinguished the 
following eight orders: (1) Cetz (whales); (2) Belluze 
(hippopotami and horses) ; (3) Pecora (ruminating animals) ; 
(4) Glires (gnawing animals and rhinoceroses) ; (5) Bestiz 
(insectivora, marsupials, and various others); (6) Ferz 
(beasts of prey); (7) Bruta (toothless animals and 
elephants); (8) Primates (bats, semi-apes, apes, and men). 
Cuvier’s classification, which became the standard of most 
subsequent zoologists, did not rise much above that of 
Linneus. Cuvier distinguished the following eight orders: 
(1) Cetacea (whales); (2) Ruminantia (ruminating animals) ; 
(3) Pachyderma (hoofed animals, with the exclusion of 
ruminating animals); (4) Edentata (animals poor in teeth) ; 
(5) Rodentia (gnawing animals) ; (6) Carnassia (marsupials, 
beasts of prey, insectivora, and bats); (7) Quadrumana 
(semi-apes and apes); (8) Bimana (man). 
The most important advance in the classification of 
