MAN AND APES, 269 
flexor muscle, a short extensor muscle, and a long fibular 
muscle). In all these respects, Apes and Semi-apes entirely 
agree with man, and hence it was quite erroneous to 
separate him from them as a special order on account 
of the stronger differentiation of his hand and foot. It is 
the same also with all the other structural features by 
means of which it was attempted to distinguish Man from 
Apes; for example, the relative length of the limbs, the 
structure of the skull, of the brain, ete. In all these respects, 
without exception, the differences between Man and the 
higher Apes are less than the corresponding differences 
between the higher and the lower Apes. Hence Huxley, 
for reasons based on the most careful and most accurate 
anatomical comparisons, arrives at the extremely important 
conclusion—“ Thus, whatever system of organs be studied, 
the comparison of their modifications in the Ape series leads 
to one and the same result, that the structural differences 
which separate Man from the Gorilla and Chimpanzee are 
not so great as those which separate the Gorilla from the 
lower Apes.” In accordance with this, Huxley, strictly 
following the demands of logic, classes Man, Apes, and Semi- 
apes in a single order, Primates, and divides it into the 
following seven families, which are of almost equal systematic 
value: (1) Anthropini (Man); (2) Catarrhini (genuine Apes 
of the Old World); (3) Platyrrhini (genuine American Apes); 
(4) Arctopitheci (American clawed Apes); (5) Lemurini 
(short-footed and long-footed Semi-apes, p. 255); (6) Chir- 
omyini (p. 256); (7) Galeopithecini (Flying Lemurs, p. 256). 
If we wish to arrive at a natural system, and conse- 
juently at the pedigree of the Primates, we must go a step 
further still, and entirely separate the Semi-apes, or Prosimiz, 
