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PROGENITORS OF MAN. 293 
covering. and by the excessive development of that portion 
of the brain just above the facial portion of the skull. 
There do not exist direct human ancestors among the 
Anthropoides of the present day, but they certainly existed 
among the unknown extinct Human Apes of the Miocene 
period. The certain proof of their former existence is 
furnished by the comparative anatomy of Man-like Apes 
and of Man. 
TwENTY-First STacGE: Ape-like Men (Pithecanthropi). 
Although the preceding ancestral stage is already so 
nearly akin to genuine Men that we scarcely require to 
assume an intermediate connecting stage, still we can look 
upon the speechless Primzeval Men (Alali) as this inter- 
mediate link. These Ape-like men, or Pithecanthropi, very 
probably existed towards the end of the Tertiary period. 
They originated out of the Man-like Apes, or Anthropoides, 
by becoming completely habituated to an upright walk, and 
by the corresponding stronger differentiation of both pairs of 
legs. The fore hand of the Anthropoides became the human 
hand, their hinder hand became a foot for walking. 
Although these Ape-like Men must not merely by the 
external formation of their bodies, but also by their internal 
mental development, have been much more akin to real 
Men than the Man-like Apes could have been, yet they did 
not possess the real and chief characteristic of man, namely, 
the articulate human language of words, the corresponding 
development of a higher consciousness, and the formation 
of ideas. The certain proof that such Primeeval Men with- 
out the power of speech, or Ape-like Men, must have 
preceded men possessing speech, is the result arrived at by 
