SPECIES OF MEN. 305 
impossible (without doing so most arbitrarily) to call any 
one of these pairs of ape-like men “the first pair.” As 
little can we derive each of the twelve races or species 
of men, which we shall consider directly, from a “first pair.” 
The difficulties met with in classifying the different 
races or-species of men are quite the same as those 
which we discover in classifying animal and vegetable, 
species. In both cases forms apparently quite different 
are connected with one another by a chain of inter- 
mediate forms of transition. In both cases the dispute as to 
what is a kind or a species, what a race or a variety, can 
never be determined. Since Blumenbach’s time, as is well 
known, it has been thought that mankind may be divided 
into five races or varieties, namely: (1) the Ethiopian, or 
black race (African negro); (2) the Malayan, or brown race 
(Malays, Polynesians, and Australians); (8) the Mongolian, 
or yellow race (the principal inhabitants of Asia and the 
Esquimaux of North America) ; (4) the Americans, or red race 
(the aborigines of America) ; and (5) the Caucasian, or white 
race (Europeans, north Africans, and south-western Asiatics). 
All of these five races of men, according to the Jewish legend 
of creation, are said to have been descended from “a single 
pair ””—Adam and Eve,—and in accordance with this are said 
to be varieties of one kind or species. If, however, we com- 
pare them without prejudice, there can be no doubt that the 
differences of these five races are as great and even greater 
than the “specific differences” by which zoologists and 
botanists distinguish recognised “good” animal and vege- 
table species (“ bone species”). The excellent paleontologist 
Quenstedt is right in maintaining that, “if Negroes and 
Caucasians were snails, zoologists would universally agree 
31 
