POLAR MEN. 317 
stiff and black. The form of their skull is, in the great 
majority of cases, decidedly short (especially in Kalmucks, 
Baschkirs, etc.) but frequently of medium length (Tartars, 
Chinese, etc.) But among them we never meet with genuine 
long-headed men. The narrow openings of their eyes, 
which are generally slanting, their prominent cheek bones, 
broad noses, and thick lips are very striking, as well as the 
round form of their faces. The language of the Mongols is 
probably traceable to a common primeval language ; but 
the monosyllabic languages of the Indo-Chinese races, and 
the polysyllabic languages of the other Mongol races, stand 
in contrast as two main branches which separated at an 
early time. The monosyllabic tribes of the Indo-Chinese 
include the Tibetans, Birmans, Siamese, and Chinese. The 
other polysyllabic Mongols are divided into three races, 
namely: (1) the Coreo-Japanese (Coreans and Japanese); (2) 
the Altaians (Tartars, Kirgises, Kalmucks, Buriats, Tungu- 
sians); and (3) the Uralians (Samoiedes, Fins), The 
Magyars of Hungary are descended from the Fins. 
The Polar men (Homo Arcticus) must be looked upon as 
a branch of the Mongolian human species. We comprise 
under this name the inhabitants of the Arctic Polar lands 
of both hemispheres, the Esquimaux (and Greenlanders) in 
North America, and the Hyperboreans in north-eastern 
Asia (Jukagirs, Tschuksches, Kuriaks, and Kamtschads.) 
By adaptation to the Polar climate, this human race has 
become so peculiarly transformed that it may be considered 
as a distinct species. Their stature is low and of a square 
build; the formation of their skull of medium size or even 
long; their eyes narrow and slanting like the Mongols; 
their cheek-bones prominent, and their mouth wide. Their 
