THE MIND OF SAVAGES, 365 
recognition of the connection between cause and effect. In all 
cases, aS In man, it is the path of induction and deduction 
which leads to the formation of conclusions. It is evident 
that in all these respects the most highly developed animals 
stand much nearer to man than to the lower animals, 
although they are also connected with the latter by a chain 
of gradual and intermediate stages. In Wundt’s excellent 
“ Lectures on the Human and Animal Soul,’“ there are a 
number of proofs of this, 
Now, if instituting comparisons in both directions, we 
place the lowest and most ape-like men (the Austral 
Negroes, Bushmen, and Andamans, etc.), on the one hand, 
together with the most highly developed animals, for in- 
stance, with apes, dogs, and elephants, and on the other 
hand, with the most highly developed men—Aristotle, 
Newton, Spinoza, Kant, Lamarck, or Goethe—we can then 
no longer consider the assertion, that the mental life of the 
higher mammals has gradually developed up to that of man, 
as in any way exaggerated. If one must draw a sharp 
boundary between them, it has to be drawn between the 
most highly developed and civilized man on the one hand, 
and the rudest savages on the other, and the latter have to 
be classed with the animals. This is, in fact, the opinion 
of many travellers, who have long watched the lowest 
human races in their native countries. Thus, for example, 
a great English traveller, who lived for a considerable time 
on the west coast of Africa, says: “I consider the negro 
to be a lower species of man, and cannot make up my 
mind to look upon him as ‘a man and a brother, for 
the gorilla would then also have to be admitted into the 
family.” Even many Christian missionaries, who, after 
