382 APPENDIX. 
Figs. A and B are seven times enlarged, Figs. C and D five times, 
Figs. H and H four times. Plate II. exhibits the very close blood 
relationship between birds and reptiles; Plate III. that between 
man and the other mammals. 
Puate lV. (Between pages 34 and 35, Vol. IL.) 
The Hand, or Fore Foot, of nine different Mammals. This plate 
is intended to show the importance of Comparative Anatomy to 
Phylogeny, in as much as it proves how the internal skeleton of 
the limbs is continually preserved by inheritance, although the 
external form is extremely changed by adaptation. The bones of 
the skeleton of the hand are drawn in white lines on the brown 
flesh and skin which surrounds them. All the nine hands are 
represented in the same position, namely the wrist (where the arm 
would be joined to it) is placed above, whilst the ends of the fingers 
or toes are turned downwards. The thumb, or the first (large) 
fore-toe is on the left in every figure; the little finger, or fifth toe 
is to the right at the edge of the hand. Each hand consists of 
three parts, namely (i.) the wrist (carpus), composed of two cross 
rows of short bones (at the upper side of the hand); (ii.) the 
mid-hand (metacarpus), composed of five long and strong bones 
(marked in the centre of the hand by the numbers 1-5); and 
(iii.) the five fingers, or fore toes (digiti), every one of which 
again consists of several (mostly from two to three), toe-pieces, 
or phalanges. The hand of man (Fig. 1), in regard to its entire 
formation, stands mid-way between that of the two large human 
apes, namely, that of the gorilla (Fig. 2), and that of the 
orang (Fig. 3). The fore paw of the dog (Fig. 4), is more 
different, and the hand or breast fin of the seal (Fig. 5) still 
more so. The adaptation of the hand to the movement of swim- 
ming, and its transformation into a fin for steering, is still more 
complete in the dolphin (Ziphius, Fig. 6). The extended fingers 
and bones of the central hand here have remained short and strong 
in the swimming membrane, but they have become extremely long 
and thin in the bat (Fig. 7), where the hand has developed into 
awing. The extreme opposite of the latter formation is the hand 
