APPENDIX. 383 
of the mole (Fig. 8), which has acquired a powerful spade-like 
form for digging, with fingers which have become extremely short 
and thick. What is far more like the human hand than these latter 
forms, is the fore paw of the lowest and most imperfect of all 
mammals, the Australian beaked animal (Ornithorhynchus, Fig. 
9), which in its whole structure stands nearer to the common, 
extinct, primary form of mammalia, than any known species. 
Hence man differs less in the formation of the hand from this 
common primary form than from the bat, mole, dolphin, seal, 
and many other mammals. 
Prats V. (Between pages 84 and 85, Vol. IT.) 
Monophyletic, or One-rooted Pedigree of the Vegetable Kingdom, 
representing the hypothesis of the common derivation of all 
plants, and the historical development of the different groups of 
plants during the palzontological periods of the earth’s history. 
The horizontal lines denote the different smaller and larger 
periods of the organic history of the earth (which are spoken of in 
vol. ii. p. 14), and during which the strata containing fossils were 
deposited. - The vertical lines separate the different main-classes 
and classes of the vegetable kingdom from one another. The 
arboriform and branching lines indicate, in an approximate 
manner, by their greater or less number and thickness, the 
greater or less degree of development, differentiation, and 
perfecting which each class probably attained in each geological 
period. (Compare vol. ii. pp. 82, 83.) 
Pratt VI. (Between pages 130 and 181, Vol. IT.) 
Monophyletic, or One-rooted Pedigree of the Animal Kingdom, 
representing the historical growth of the six animal tribes during 
the paleontological periods of the organic history of the earth. 
The horizontal lines g h,ik, lm, and m o divide the five large 
periods of the organic history of the earth one from another. 
The field g ab h comprises the archilithic, the field ig h k, the 
paleolithic, the field 1 7k m the mesolithic, and the field x 1. om 
