Dek THE DEPTHS OF THE SEA. (CHAP: ies 
‘‘ How can animal life be conceived to exist under 
such conditions of light, temperature, pressure, and 
aération as must obtain at these vast depths? To this 
one can only reply that we know for a certainty that 
even very highly-organized animals do contrive to live 
at a depth of 300 or 400 fathoms, inasmuch as they 
have been brought up thence, and that the difference 
in the amount of light and heat at 400 and at 2,000 
fathoms is probably, so to speak, very far less than 
the difference in complexity of organization between 
these animals and the humble Protozoa and Proto- 
phyta of the deep-sea soundings. I confess, though, 
as yet, far from regarding it proved that the Glo- 
bigerine live at these depths, the balance of proba- 
bilities seems to me to incline in that direction.” 
In 1860 Dr. Wallich accompanied Captain Sir 
Leopold McChntock in H.M.S. ‘Bulldog’ on her 
sounding expedition to Iceland, Greenland, and New- 
foundland, as naturalist. During the cruise soundings 
were taken, and specimens of the bottom were brought 
up from depths from 600 to 2,000 fathoms; many of 
these were the now well-known erey ‘Globigerina ooze, 
while others were volcanic detritus from Iceland, and 
clay and gravel the product of the disintegration of the 
metamorphic rocks of Greenland and Labrador. On 
the return voyage, about midway between Cape Fare- 
well and Rockall, thirteen star-fishes came up from a 
sounding of 1,260 fathoms, “ convulsively embracing 
a portion of the sounding-line which had been payed 
out in excess of the already ascertained depth, and 
rested for a sufficient period at the bottom to permit 
of their attaching themselves to it.”” On his return 
Dr. Wallich published, in 1862, an extremely valuable 
