CHAP. UT. } THE CRUISES OF THE ‘ PORCUPINE’ 105 
8° 14, gave 440 fathoms, and a bottom temperature of 
5°°5 C., showing that we were passing into another set 
of conditions; and at Station 52, lat. 60° 25’, long. 
8° 10’, only a few miles further on, with a depth of 
384 fathoms, nearly the same as that of Station 20, 
the thermometers recorded a minimum of —0°8 C. 
We now altered our course towards the east-south- 
east, and, after a run of about 25 miles, sounded in 
490 fathoms, with a bottom temperature of —1°1 C. 
The following six stations, Nos. 54 to 59, were all in 
the cold area with a temperature below the freezing- 
point of fresh water. At the last station, No.59, lat. 60° 
21’, long.5° 41’, at a depth of 580 fathoms, the guarded 
thermometer recorded the lowest temperature which 
was met with —1°3 C. While we were passing through 
the cold area and making these observations, the 
weather was extremely settled and fine, and under the 
careful management of Captain Calver all our appli- 
ances worked admirably. The temperatures were noted 
in every case by the same pair of Miller-Casella ther- 
mometers, which were sometimes compared with other 
instruments and found to give perfectly accurate indi- 
cations, even after being so frequently subjected to 
prodigious pressure. The sounding instruments and 
the dredges never failed, and an ingenious device, for 
which we are indebted to our Captain, enabled us 
sometimes to multiply our prizes a hundred-fold. A. 
number of tangles of teazed-out hemp, like the 
‘swabs’ for cleaning the deck, were hung in a way 
which will be explained hereafter at the bottom of the 
dredge. These hempen tangles swept by the sides of 
the dredge, pulling along and picking up everything 
which was moveable and rough. As echinoderms, 
