CHAP. VI.] DEEP-SEA DREDGING. 269 
observations of Sir John Ross in 1818, of Sir 
James Ross in 1840, and of Mr. Harry Goodsir 
in 1845. In the year 1844 Professor Lovén con- 
tributed a paper, “on the bathymetrical distribu- 
tion of submarine life on the northern shores of 
Scandinavia,’ to the British Association. He says, 
“With us the region of deep-sea corals is character- 
ized in the south by Oculina ramea and Terebratula, 
and in the north by Astrophyton, Cidaris, Spatangus 
purpureus of an immense size, all living; besides Gor- 
gome and the gigantic Alcyonium arboreum, which 
continues as far down as any fisherman’s line can be 
sunk. As to the point where animal life ceases, it 
must be somewhere, but with us it is unknown.’’! 
In 1863 the same naturalist, referring to the 
result of the Swedish Spitzbergen expedition of 
1861, when mollusca, crustacea, and hydrozoa were 
brought up from a depth of 1,400 fathoms, expresses 
the remarkable opinion, which later investigations 
appear generally to support, that at great depths, 
wherever the bottom is suitable, “a fauna of the 
same general character_extends from pole to pole 
through all degrees of latitude, some of the species 
of the fauna being very widely distributed.” ° 
In 1846 Keferstein mentions having seen in Stock- 
holm a whole collection of invertebrate animals— 
crustacea, phascolosoma, annelids, spatangus, myrio- 
trochus, sponges, bryozoa, rhizopoda, &c.—taken at 
a depth of 1,400 fathoms during O. Torell’s Spitz- 
? Report of the Fourteenth Meeting of the British Association, held 
at York in September 1844. (Transactions of the Sections, p. 50.) 
2 Forh. ved de Skand. Naturforskeres Mode i Stockholm, 1863, 
p. 384, 
