CHAP, VIII.] THE GULF-STREAM. 359 
To these may be added the observations of Lieu- 
tenant 8. P. Lee, of the United States Coast Survey, 
who, in August 1847, recorded a temperature of 
2°°7 C. below the Gulf-stream at a depth of 1,000 
fathoms, lat. 35° 26’ N., long. 73° 12) W.; and of 
Lieutenant Dayman, who found the temperature at 
1,000 fathoms in lat. 51° N. and long. 40° W. to 
be —0°4C., the surface temperature being 12°5 C. 
These results are fully borne out by the recent 
determinations of Captain Shortland, R.N., who 
observed a temperature of 2°5 C. in deep water in 
the Arabian Sea between Aden and Bombay,’ by 
those of Commander Chimmo, R.N., and Lieutenant 
Johnson, R.N., who found at various points in the 
Atlantic a temperature of about 3°9 C. at 1,000 
fathoms, and a slow decrease from that point to 
2,270 fathoms, where the temperature registered by 
unprotected thermometers was 6°6 C. reduced by the 
necessary correction for pressure to about 1°6 C., 
and finally by the temperature determinations of the 
‘Porcupine’ expeditions, carefully conducted with 
protected instruments, but not carried nearer the 
tropics than the latitude of the Strait of Gibraltar ; 
and they appear to go far to establish a nearly uni- 
form temperature for abyssal depths, not far from 
the freezing-point of fresh water. 
As it was evident that the low temperature for 
deep water in tropical regions could not be acquired 
? Sounding Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Hydra,’ Captain P. F. Shortland. 
London : 1869. 
* Soundings and Temperatures in the Gulf-stream. By Commander 
W. Chimmo, R.N. (Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 
vol. xiii.) 
