390 THE DEPTHS OF THE SEA. [CHAP. VIII. 
by Professor Buff to perform the work are thus the 
vis a tergo of the trade-wind drift, and the direct 
driving power of the anti-trades, producing what 
has been called the anti-trade drift. This is quite 
in accordance with the views here advocated. The 
proportion in which these two forces act, it is un- 
doubtedly impossible in the present state of our 
knowledge to determine. 
Mr. A. G. Findlay, a high authority on all hydro- 
graphic matters, read a paper on the Gulf-stream 
before the Royal Geographical Society, reported in 
the 13th volume of the Proceedings of the Society. 
Mr. Findlay, while admitting that the temperature 
of north-eastern Europe is abnormally ameliorated by 
a surface-current of the warm water of the Atlantic 
which reaches it, contends that the Gulf-stream proper, 
that is to say the water injected, as it were, into 
the Atlantic through the Strait of Florida by the 
impulse of the trade-winds, becomes entirely thinned 
out, dissipated, and lost, opposite the Newfoundland 
banks about lat. 45° N. The warm water of the 
southern portion of the North Atlantic basin is still 
carried northwards; but Mr. Findlay attributes this 
movement solely to the anti-trades—the south-west 
winds—which by their prevalence keep up a balance 
of progress in a north-easterly direction in the surface 
layer of the water. 
Dr. Carpenter entertains a very strong opinion that 
the dispersion of the Gulf-stream may be affirmed to 
be complete in about lat. 45° N. and long. 35° W. 
Dr. Carpenter admits the accuracy of the projection 
of the isotherms on the maps of Berghaus, Dové, 
Petermann, and Keith Johnston, and he admits like- 
