244- DR. CARUS ON* THE KINGDOMS OV NATURE, 



nal respiratory' organs or gills (nearly as in the Clio* and tlieCleodora); 

 or lastly, we may see that the germ y grows opposite to the mouth, at 

 the liinder extremity of the body, as the generator of a new interno- 

 dium, that is (in the plant) as the producer of a new whole, or the or- 

 gan of the plant's propagation ; and we are thereby enabled to account 

 for the usual place assigned by nature to the organs of generation. In 

 this way we shall always recognise that which has hitherto escaped the 

 attention of the observer, namely, the analogy that exists between the 

 body of the animal and that of the plant as aliove metamorphosed, as 

 well as the manifest derivation of the former from the latter. 



A third consequence of the above is, that the animal being the reali- 

 zation of the abstract idea of unity, in which all parts must relate to a 

 common centre, the sphere must be of necessity the original type of 

 animal organization, the globe being that which tends to its centre 

 with perfectly equal relations (radii). But, so far as the animal 

 is not merely the upper part of the plant become detached, but like- 

 wise contains in itself the organs of the root, the globe must be hol- 

 low, and contain within itself the intestines, which can be most clearly 

 pointed out in the lower animals. Because, without taking into account 

 that the Infusoria appear merely as so many living hollow globules or 

 cells (see the history of the green matter of Priestley, page 232, &c.), this 

 kind of structure is evident in the bladder-worm (Cysticercus), in which 

 (see fig. C.) the absorbing proboscis b (therefore called the head) is in 

 reality curved inwards into the cavity of the body a, exactly in the 

 manner described in the hypothetical metamorphosis of the plant into 

 an animal. Similar forms are also exhibited by the Echinus tribe, to 

 which we must add, that microscopical observations show most clearly 

 that the whole of the organic mass of higher animals is composed of 

 minute globuli. 



The fourth consequence is, that as unity is the characteristic peculi- 

 arity of an organism, there must exist, because of the greater multi- 

 plicity of its form, a bond which, while it again unites that multitude, 

 exhibits that relationship to a common centre which accords with its 

 organization. HoAvever, since the animal presents two sides, a higher 

 one, turned toward the outer world, and peculiarly animal, and a lower 

 one, turned into itself, destined for reproduction, and so far purely 

 vegetative, the above bond must likewise of necessity be twofold, and 

 .bear a particular relation to each side. 



Fifth consequence. — No reciprocal action can take place between 

 two bodies, except in two directions, (just as the organism itself appears 

 essentially as body and life under two forms only), namely, in its ten- 

 dency to produce a change and combination of particles, or to a reci- 

 procal transmission of power. Inasmuch as in the animal the change 



* Carus, LehrhticJi der Zootomie, p. 482. 



