THE SCANDINAVIAN MOUNTAINS. 137 
by the boulder-flood to a fine powder, the quartz remained in this 
loose mass as gravel. The greater part of these grains are, how- 
ever, rounded ; but they are recognised by their peculiar white 
colour, often passing into yellow, their drusy cavities, and the 
thin laminz of slate frequently contained in them. 
In England my stay was not long, and I made a tour only 
to Birmingham, South Wales, and by way of Bristol back again 
to London. Here also are seen distinct traces of the boulder- 
flood, particularly around Bristol; but I saw no furrows. The 
loose rocks which occurred, afforded no guide for a more exact 
determination of the direction of the flood. 
Ankarsrum, near Westervik, 14th October, 1836. 
* * * a * * * * * * * 
From Cologne I took the road to Berlin, across the Hartz, with 
the view of there finding traces of furrows; but in vain, partly 
_ from the rocks being of such a nature as not to receive a polish, 
partly from the furrows having been obliterated by the action 
of the atmosphere, which, for example, is the case with the shell- 
limestone. There is, however, no doubt that the boulder-flood 
has even gone over the Hartz. Hofrath Professor Hausmann, 
with whom I conversed in Gottingen on this subject, said that 
he himself was already convinced of it, although he allowed 
himself to be silenced, as many geologists are of a contrary opi- 
nion. Among other things he adduced in proof of this, the 
rents which occur in the shell-limestone (snick-kelken), and 
which many geologists consider to have been caused by a certain 
portion having been lifted up by a subterranean power when 
the rents were formed; but which, according to M. Hausmann’s 
observations, is not the case; for when the causes are atten- 
tively traced, it is seen that a flood having carried away the soft 
marl which underlies the muschelkalk along the northern side 
of that formation, the overhanging edges of the limestone fell 
by their own weight, and the crevices in the muschelkalk have 
thus originated. 
At Berlin, Professor G. Rose informed me, that during the 
summer he had visited the limestone quarries of Riidersdorf, east 
of the city, and that the manager there had remarked as highly 
singular, that, upon removing the earth, which was done last 
spring, in order to get at a new opening in the limestone quar- 
ries, he had found the upper surface of the limestone beds under 
