138 SEFSTROM ON THE FURROWS WHICH TRAVERSE 
the marshy earth worn away or polished, of which evident traces 
appeared. Professor Rose had endeavoured to ascertain in what 
direction these worn surfaces ran ; but they were then broken up, 
and no one, whilst they were visible, had paid any particular at- 
tention to them. In the mean time, this is a proof that furrows 
are found even inGermany. Above Pirna I saw something similar 
on a hard sandstone; but as such markings are not evident to 
an unpractised eye, I could not succeed in drawing attention to 
them. Besides, their situation was not good for determining 
their direction. 
In Berlin I had an opportunity of inspecting several English 
charts, too expensive for me to purchase. The most explana- 
tory I procured, however, by purchase. On one of these, viz. 
Purdy’s General Chart of the Atlantic Ocean, London, 1816, 
we see, without possibility of mistake, that the sand-banks in 
the North Sea and Skager-rack lie to leeward of the southern 
coast of Norway. Further westward, or between Norway and 
Scotland, the sea is deep ; and this deep channel further extends 
itself as far as Hull, on the English coast. On the southern 
coast of Norway there is a deep channel, which was either exca- 
vated by the torrents of water flowing from the Christiania fiord, 
or else from the cataract which has rushed over the southern 
mountain heights of Norway. 
The sand-banks lie in the same manner south of England and 
Treland, as well as south of the north-western cape of France, 
or south of Brittany. The northern coast of Spain, on the con- 
trary, is perfectly scoured, so that in almost every instance the 
rocks are bare; just as on the northern coasts of the Shetland 
and Orkney Islands, and the northernmost coast of Scotland. 
In the lee of the Portuguese coast sandy ground is found, but 
no proper sand-banks before passing Cape St. Mary, where 
one is met with to the leeward of the south-western coast of 
Andalusia. 
The north-western coast of Africa has no considerable sand- 
banks, but at Cape Blanco, where that coast takes a perfect 
southerly direction, a sand-bank has been formed; and from 
Cape de Verd, where the coast trends to the south-east, it ex- 
tends to the breadth of several geographical miles. Along the 
coast of Guinea the banks are very inconsiderable, but again 
make their appearance outside the Cape of Good Hope, where 
the well-known far-extended Needle Banks are situated. To 
