DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH. Day 
several instances of a variation from the mean distribution, which 
was of considerable duration. The cold which prevailed from 
June 1815 to December 1816, produced a fearful sterility in 
western Europe, while Odessa, on account of the mild tempera- 
ture of eastern Europe, owes to it its rise in the scale of com- 
mercial towns, inasmuch as its export of corn in the years 
1815 to 1817 rose from eleven to thirty-eight millions of rubles. 
The maximum of cold in this period fell on England, and 
America participated in it. There appears no foundation for 
the opinion that a hot summer succeeds a cold winter, and a 
cool summer a mild winter. In the hot summer of 1822, in 
Berlin, no ices could be obtained at the confectioners, for the 
winter had been so mild that no ice had been collected. The 
hot summer of 1834 also followed a very mild winter, and was 
moreover succeeded by one. The very severe winter of 1829-30 
followed a very cool summer. To make a good wine year it 
seems that the summer must be preceded by a very mild winter 
or spring, so it was at least in 1811, 1819, 1822, and 1834. 
_ As in the distribution of the positive and negative signs, in 
the space of fifty years, we do not perceive any gradually in- 
creasing preponderance of one over the other, we may conclude 
that there has been no change in the climate during that period. 
It cannot be asserted that in any particular direction an agree- 
ment or variation is more frequently seen at one period of the 
year than at another. The agreement in the direction of east 
and west seems to be of more frequent occurrence in summer 
than in winter. Deviations, in the same sense, from the normal 
state, appear to be of longer duration in the frigid than in the 
temperate zone. The rare change of signs is a proof that the 
mass of air of these regions resists the invasion of the atmosphere 
from lower latitudes: it either allows no entrance to the warm 
air, or else gives way for a length of time; the direction in which 
this mass then flows off must exert a material influence on the 
adjoining parts of the temperate zone. At the end of 1824 the 
cold in Torneo resisted for a long time the attacks of the heat 
from southern Europe ; at last, in January, 1825, it gave way, 
and the weather became mild, while in central Europe the tem- 
perature sank considerably. In 1810 the cold of the frigid zone 
had a decided influence on the north of Europe. Often, on the 
other hand, the extremes are confined to the frigid zone, The 
