1792. positions to be ewamined. 327 
ment, fuel, and fhelter ; all which derive their value 
from the provisions consumed in procuring them. 
7. The produce of the earth, thus converted in- 
to manufactures, may be more easily carried to dis- 
tant markets than before such conversion. 
8. Fair commerce is where equal values are ex- 
changed for equal, the expence of transport inclu- 
_ ded. Thus, of it costs Ain England as much la- 
bour and charge to raise a buthel of wheat, as it costs 
B in France to produce four gallons of wine, then are 
four gallons of wine the fair exchange for.a buthel 
of wheat, A and B meeting at half distance witk - 
their commodities to make the exchange. The ad- 
vantage of this fair commerce is, that each party in- 
creases the number of his enjoyments, having, in- 
stead of wheat alone, or wine alone, the use of both 
wheat and wine. 
g. Where the labour and expence of producing 
both commodities are known to both parties, bar- 
gains will generally be fair’ and equal. | Where 
they are known to one party only, bargains will 
often be unequal, knowledge taking its: advantage 
of ignorance, 
te. Thus he that carries 1000 bufhels of wheat 
abroad to sell, may, not probably obtain so great a 
profit thereon, as if he had first turned the wheat in- 
to manufactures, by subsisting therewith the work- 
men while producing those manufactures, since 
there are many expediting and facilitating methods 
of working, not generally known; and strangers to 
the manufactures, though they know. pretty well 
the expence of raising wheat, are unacquainted with 
