XI CLASSIFICATION OF DEER 29 1 



1 took, into which its lining membrane is raised. Finally there is 

 the abomasum, out of which proceeds the small intestine. 

 Garrod has observed that the chanilier of tlie stomach wliich 

 varies most among the Tecora is the psalterium. This chauil)er 

 is specially large in Bos, and particularly small in the Antelopes 

 Namiotrag II s and Cephalopltus. But its variation relates more 

 especially to the folds of its mucous meml)rane. These folds are 

 of varying lengths and have a definite arrangement There may 

 be as many as five sets of laminae of regular depths. The most 

 simple psalterium is that of CephalojjhKS, where there are only 

 two sets of laminae of different sizes, a deeper set and a very much 

 shallower set ; this form is termed by Garrod " duplicate." Most 

 common is the " quadruplicate " arrangement, with four sets of 

 laminae of differing depths. In all Pecora the liver is but little 

 divided l)y fissures. 



Fam. 6. Cervidae. — The Deer tribe is a very extensive one, 

 and, with the exception of Africa and Australia, world-wide in 

 distribution.^ 



The Deer are absolutely distinguished from all other Ruminant 

 animals by the existence of antlers, which are invariably present 

 in the male sex, save in the aberrant genera 3foschus and Hydro- 

 ■potcs ; in the Eeindeer alone are antlers present in l)oth sexes. 

 The general characters of these appendages have been dealt with 

 on a former page (p. 200), where they are compared to, or rather 

 contrasted with, the horns of the Bovidae. These antlers, so 

 characteristic of the Cervidae, are very variously developed 

 among the members of the family. Thus in Mcq^Ihodt/s the 

 antlers are very small and entirely unbranched. In the ]Munt- 

 jacs, Cervulus, the antlers are hardly larger, but they have a 

 small anterior branch arising from near the pedicel, the " brow 

 tine." In Cariacus antisiensis only one branch, tlie Ijrow tine, 

 is present, but it is nearly as long as the main stem of the antler, 

 the " beam." In Ccvpreolus cafraea the beam bears two tines ; 

 in Cervus sika three ; in C. duvaitceli two of the three tines 

 present bear secondary branches. There are other complications 

 (some of which are illustrated in Figs. 152-157) of the simple 

 antler which culminate in the complex antlers with their ex- 

 panded " palms " of the Elk and the Fallow Deer. 



^ Sir Victor Brooke, "On the Classification of the Cervidae," Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 1878, p. 883. 



