as the heads are cut, and where beds of radishes, turnips or even, 

 -onions have been badlv infested, late fall plowing and harrowing, 

 followed by a deep early spring plowing, will help in destroying 

 those insects which are in the ground. If such beds are found to 

 he infested early in the season to such an extent as to destroy the 

 crop, or the greater part of it, then plow under as soon and as 

 deeply as possible, or simply turn it up to the surface to be dried 

 out. This will destroy a large number of the maggots and will 

 prevent others from coming to maturity or the flies from emerging 

 from the deeply-lniried pupa^. 



In like manner, rubbish or brush piles near infested fields should 

 be destroyed. It would be better perhaps to let them remain until 

 the winter, as they would then act as a trap for hibernating flies, 

 which would l)e destroyed wjth them. 



So. also, the outbuildings and sheds, with drying crates and 

 frames, might be thoroughly cleaned out and whitewashed or fumi- 

 gated with sulphur, with the resulting destruction of whatever 

 hibernating flies might l)e in them. In fact, by clean culture, pre- 

 vent as many as possible of the flies from breeding and destroy as 

 many as possible in hibernation. 



Time of Planting:. 



While this at times may be of little aid, our investigations 

 showed that in some instances it was of considerable importance 

 against onion maggots. It was found that in ordinary seasons 

 scallions started in late August or early September became badly 

 infested, while those started in late September or early October 

 suffered comparatively little. The recommendation is, then, start 

 the scallions at these latter dates, or at least as late as practicable, 

 so as to avoid the late brood of maggots, and as the scallions -are 

 desired for an early spring market, have the ground well prepared 

 and use quick-acting fertilizers to force the growth. 



Some seasons, however, like the fall of 1906, may be excep- 

 tionally late, and then oviposition. and infestation may occur even 

 in October, Hence it would be advisable to make, or at least be 

 ready to make, two plantings, so that if the first became infested, 

 the last, at any rate, would remain free. 



As an alternative to late planting it may be preferable to make 



