piipariiim, formed of this hardened larval skin, which has sepa- 

 rated to form a shell-like covering for the trne pnpa contained 

 within it. The insect remains in the puparinm stag-e al)ont fifteen 

 days, althongh sometimes this period is extended to several months, 

 after which the adult fly emerges and makes its way to the surface. 

 This second brood of flies in Xew Jersey makes its appearance 

 in June, and is soon ready to oviposit and reproduce a second brood 

 of larvae. Whether or not this brood is not so numerous as the first, 

 whether its natural enemies are more abundant, or whether its 

 members confine themselves more to the wild plants, is not quite 

 certain; at any rate, they do not appear to do as much damage as 

 the first. On the other hnml, the ciibbage plants are further ad- 

 vanced, the roots and sterna are larger and tougher, and hence are 

 better able to stand injury. There are three or more broods in a 

 season, and the maggots may infest chiefly the wild cruciferous 

 Aveeds rather than the cultivated plants. There is, however, a 

 brood that becomes noticeable late in the season, part of which 

 reaches maturity the same year and part of which passes the winter 

 in the puparium stage and changes to adult flics in the spring. It 

 seems probable that not all the puparia found about the plants in 

 the winter are from the late brood of maggots, but that some are 

 from those of earlier maggots, so that the puparia in hibernation 

 may be from all of the broods. This fact of the insect hibernating 

 as a puparium is of importance when we come to consider remedial 

 measures. 



Injury Caused. 



We have described the way in which the maggots feed, and it 

 will be well to consider briefly the injury caused by them which 

 is illustrated in some degree in plate Figs. 4 to 7. It has been 

 stated that they feed on a variety of cruciferous plants, and so we 

 find them destroying not only cabbages, but turnips and radishes 

 as well. In fact, beds of both of the latter plants were so badly 

 infested in Cumberland county last season that they were almost 

 completely ruined, and had to be plowed up. Such plots are seen 

 on plate Fig. 12. The radishes and turnips are so fleshy and send 

 out so many fine roots that they do not indicate the })resence of 

 the maggots as soon as the cabbage plants do, and wliile the insects 

 sometimes bore into them, as shown in plate Fig, 4, a and b, and 



