Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimiecry, ete. 565 
wholly effacive design, so subtle as to make it absurd to 
suppose that Nature could be trying to have him conspicu- 
ous, or to use such delicate gradations for identification. 
Caligo telamonius and Caligo demosthenes are even more 
wonderful examples. Cynthia has a wonderful multiplicity 
of perspectives represented on its surface. Black and 
green Nymphaline are notably orchid-like in design. 
Their dark tips disappear, uniting with the shadows. 
Dione has good near-scenery on its upper-side, while 
the silver spots of its under-side appear in a side view to 
cut holes through its wings. 
The Danaine butterfly Zimnas chrysippus is covered 
with design which I am not prepared to interpret. 
Whether or not it is a flower, the four interior spots on 
the upper-side of the hind-wings may pass for stamens, as 
may also, of course, the antenne ; and whether or not the 
yellow-red ground counterfeits the colour of a flower, it 
represents a flower’s form. Caduga melancus has the colour- 
scheme of the skunk, with, of course, similar advantages. 
The Satyrinew, i.e. the dark ones, with strong, light 
patterns, have also the sknnk’s colour-principle. The 
Danaine, Ithomiine, and Heliconine of South America, 
Lycorea, Melinxa, and Heliconius, for instance, display 
marvellous mutual resemblance, yet their likeness to 
Odontoglossum triumphans, when their dark tips are cut 
out by coalescing with the shadow, is most impressive. 
Among the transparent Satyrinw I may mention 
Pierella nereis. Unmistakably the whole surface of this 
insect (and likewise that of Citharias menander) pictures 
a single flower. 
Piecrella astyoche represents flower-scenery (likewise 
Prerella rhea). 
In the Oriental Danaine genus Huploea we see exquisite 
shadow-perspective over which white spots relieve. The 
blue sheen, seldom or never occurring on both wings at 
once, additionally effaces, 
In the Lycenide the exquisite blue species represent 
flower-cups, their black border of course detaching into 
the background. 
The above examples I have chosen from all the families 
I have lately examined, which do not include the Skippers, 
or the great mass of Papilionide. 
Let me add a few more reflections, all harmonious with 
my theory. 
