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XXVI. Some breeding experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe 
and notes on the migration of Butterflies in 
Ceylon, by Major NEVILLE MANnDeERS, R.A.M.C., 
F.Z.8., F.ES. S 
[Read May 4th, 1904.] 
PLATES XXXIV and XXXV. 
THE following experiments were preliminary to a more 
thorough investigation. 
I had hoped to have ascertained with exactitude the 
amount of heat, cold and moisture necessary to produce 
the various forms in which this insect occurs. The ex- 
periments were merely preliminary in order to ascertain 
the difficulties and the apparatus required to carry out a 
thorough investigation. They may be of interest because, 
as far as I know, they are the first experiments made with 
icing the pup of a tropical butterfly. Even these pre- 
liminary experiments are far from being complete, as I 
was ordered home when in the middle of them and had 
to hand over my notes and material to another ento- 
mologist, Mr. Oswin Wickwar, who did what he could in 
the intervals of a busy official life. 
Catopsilia pyranthe occurs in Ceylon under many 
different forms, three of which besides Pyranthe have 
received names, namely, lea, Chryseis and Gnoma. 
Gnoma is usually called the dry-season form and Chryseis 
the wet, and though Gnoma is certainly more common 
in the dry, it is by no means confined to the dry months, 
neither is Chryseis confined to the wet. It may be said that 
all the forms occur indiscriminately all the year round, 
and my first object was to ascertain which was the dry 
form and which the wet, and what would be the several 
effects of heat, moisture, etc. on the larvee and pupe. The 
first thing was to ascertain the proportion of each variety, 
and this I left in Mr. Wickwar’s hands, and in the month 
of February 1903, during a migratory flight, he captured 
sixty specimens, the weather at the time being very dry 
and hot. 
He mentions (and I will allude to this later) that 75 
per cent. were males, and 64 per cent. of the total were 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART IV. (DEC.) 
