106 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 
given by the light or warmth of the sun’s rays, I am 
unable to determine, but that in the case of such species 
as Pararge megera and Precis clelia the diminution of 
the shadow when the wings are closed helps to conceal 
the butterflies from their enemies I have no longer any 
doubt.* 
Further observations will show how far the habit is 
general within the families in which it has been observed, 
and whether it prevails in other families. 
The inverted attitude of Lycenids. 
In the paper first referred to J drew the attention of the 
Society to the fact that the curious lobes at the anal angle 
of the hind-wings of certain Indian Lyczenids, to wit species 
of the genera Aphnexus, Pratapa and Rapala, are everted 
so as to be nearly at right angles to the plane of the wing. 
I showed by a diagram that this eversion of the lobe 
helped in the suggestion of a head where the tail should 
be. The original sketch for the diagram was made before 
I had heard of the “false head theory.” + The resemblance 
would of course be more striking if the Lycenids in 
question, like so many of the family, habitually rest with 
the head downwards. 
Prof. Poulton discussed the “false head” at some Jength 
in his notes to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s paper on “The 
Bionomics of South African Insects.”+ Prof. Poulton showed 
by a reference to Kirby and Spence that the resemblance 
of the tails of some Lycznids to antennz was observed 
early in the 19th century. I venture to give the passage 
in full :— 
Dr. Arnold has made a curious observation (confirmed 
by Dr. Forstrém with respect to others of the 
genus) on the use of the long processes or tails that 
distinguish the secondary wings of Hesperia iarbas. 
These processes, he remarks, resemble antenne, 
and when the butterfly is sitting it keeps them in 
constant motion ; so that at first sight it appears to 
* In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper the 
President (Mr. F. Merrifield) threw out the suggestion that possibly 
the object of negative heliotropism might be to enable the butterfly 
to see to the greatest advantage. 
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,, 1905, pp. 85, 86. 
$ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 373-375. 
