Papilio cenea and Hypolimnas misippus. 683 
the individual differences between the males of a single 
family of the same form. 
The inner row of black patches on the hind-wing of 
the ance-tral Papilio meriones from Madagascar is usually 
broken by two gaps, one between the 2nd sub-costal and 
the discoidal nervule, the other between the 2nd and 3rd 
median nervules. ‘The former may be conveniently spoken 
of as ‘“‘the costal gap,” the latter as “the inner gap.” 
The costal gap is often partially and sometimes completely 
closed by a sickle-shaped black marking, with its concavity 
directed inwards. The broadened base of this marking, 
present in all the specimens | have examined, arises from 
the black patch placed between the discoidal and 3rd 
median nervules. The inner gap is often partially filled 
by a detached black spot. This description applies to 
females as well as to males, although the black markings 
are more often developed and tend to be more completely 
developed in the gaps of the first-named sex. 
The male of P. dardanus (= merope) from the West, or 
rather the tropical forest (for it extends at least to the 
N.-E. shores of the Victoria Nyanza), is very similar to that 
of meriones in the characters here described; but the gaps 
are on the whole wider and less frequently occupied by 
spots. The base of the sickle-shaped marking is, however, 
generally present. In the male of P. antinori, from 
Abyssinia, the band is even more interrupted than in 
merope. 
In the male of the Eastern and Southern P. cenea both 
gaps are usually filled, and a continuous broad black band 
extends from the inner to the costal margin, nearly parallel 
with the general trend of the hind-margin. This band, 
which is by far the most prominent feature of the hind- 
wing, tends to reach a fuller development in males from 
the northern section of the insect’s range along the Hastern 
coast as compared with males from the southern section. 
Nevertheless, even in the specimens with the heaviest 
markings the position of the inner gap is clearly indicated 
by a bay en the hind marginal border, rendering the band 
narrowest at this point. Occasionally, too, even in 
specimens from Mombasa, a small yellow spot, or scattered 
yellow scales invading the band from within, mark the 
position of the costal gap. 
In examples from Natal and the Southern part of Cape 
Colony the gaps are far more frequently and more fully 
