Gren [lii 
Manders calculated that during a swarm in October 1895, 
about 98,000 butterflies passed through a space sixty feet 
broad in twenty-eight hours. The course of these flights was 
shown by coloured lines drawn on a map of Ceylon [exhibited] ; 
the butterflies concerned being, besides the Catopsilias, Papilio 
jason, Appias paulina, A. albina, Euplea asela, E. montana, 
Danais septentrionis and Kallima philarchus. 
The migrations of butterflies differed from those of locusts 
in the fact that instead of advancing in one compact body, 
like a human army, the butterflies, in whatever part of the 
island they happened to be hatched, began migrating immedi- 
ately ; so that on the same day the migration was as vigorous 
in one part of the island as inanother. During the migratory 
flights in the wet season, the female Catopsi/ias, which at this 
time largely outnumbered the males, deposited their eggs so 
hastily and in such enormous numbers that few of the result- 
ing larve could possibly come to maturity. The survivors 
would probably be mostly males, the larve of that sex being 
smaller and requiring less nourishment ; this, in the author’s 
opinion, accounting for the preponderance of the male sex in 
the dry-season flights. This periodical destruction from 
starvation of the female larvee, and the consequent temporary 
predominance of males, might be regarded as a provision 
against the undue increase of the species. 
Dr. F. A. Dixry remarked that though the results of Major 
Manders’ experiments were numerically small, they were never- 
theless of considerable interest. It appeared from the records 
of these experiments that the emergences all took place between 
the 5th and the 17th of December; and as the larve were 
collected in the same place and nearly at the same time, the 
butterflies might all be presumed to belong naturally to the 
same wet-season brood. It was remarkable that little or no 
difference was perceptible between the specimens kept at the 
ordinary temperature but in an atmosphere saturated with 
moisture, and those of which the larve were reared under 
normal conditions, and the pupz had been iced. In both these 
cases the under-sides of the resulting butterflies tended to as- 
sume the macular appearance, the highest development of which 
was characteristic of the form generally called gnoma. It 
was also worthy of notice that the lowering of the temperature 
