138 
NOTES AND QUERIES. 
[24 §, No 7,, Fun, 16, 56. 
The tyrant with his blackguards fled, 
By flight their guilt confessing, 
To beg of France their daily bread, 
* Of Rome a worthless blessing. 
Then let us sing, &c. 
6. 
From all who dare to tyrannise, 
May Heaven still defend us; 
And should another James arise, 
Another William send us. 
May kings like George for ever reign, 
With highest worth distinguish’d ; 
But those who would our annals stain, 
May they be quite extinguish’d. 
Then let us sing, while echoes ring, 
The glorious Revolution ; 
Your voices raise to William’s praise, 
Who sav’d the Constitution.” 
CLIFFORD’S INN DINNER-CUSTOM. 
(24 S. i. 12. 79.) 
Scotland preserved some of the customs of hea- 
thenism till the last century, and this may be 
one of a similar character, if not required by the 
founder as a symbol of possession, 2s the Duke of 
Wellington’s presentation of a flag to the Queen. 
The founder might have treasured up this custom 
from remote antiquity, or he might have insti- 
tuted it as a symbolical act to arrest-the attention 
of students, and to invite them to its investigation. 
Ceres, the beau ideal of agriculture, was surnamed 
@ccnopdpos, because she first taught mankind the 
use of laws, which, not being needed, or, if needed, 
ineffectnal, in the nomade state, do not become 
efficient till Agriculture (Ceres) creates the exi- 
gency for them. Callimachus, in his hymn to 
Ceres, says, — 
“KaaAAtov, ws rodiecaw éaddra TéOra dane,” 
“(Let us speak of ] the beautiful laws she has given to 
our cities.” 
Cakes, sacred to Ceres, usually terminated the 
ancient feasts: the rells may be thrown down at 
Clifford’s Inn as an offering to Ceres legifera, as 
wine was poured out'to Bacchus. “ Técca Aidyucov 
yap & Kal Aduarpa xadérre.”’ The number three 
Callimachus especially refers to Ceres : 
“This nev dy SueBys "AxeAwtov apyupodivay, 
Tooodxt S aevawy worapeav érépaccas Exacrov, 
= 4 
Tpis & emt KadArxépw xauades exabiooa pyri.” 
“Thrice you traversed the silver bed of Acheloiis; 
thrice you crossed each river of the earth; thrice you re- 
turned to the centre of Enna, the most charming of 
islands; thrice you returned to sit by the wells of Calli- 
chorus (near Eleusis),” 
In the last line of this hymn, Ceres is styled 
Tptaduore, “ thrice adorable.” (See the authorities 
quoted in Eschenburg’s Manual of Class. Lit., by 
Fiske, pp. 171. 206., and Bos., Ant. Grec., p. 45.) 
It will be recollected that Socrates asks the gaoler 
ifhe has provided sufficient poison for a libation, 
but, finding there was only enough to carry out 
his sentence of death, he directs Crito to sacrifice 
a fowl to Esculapius in lieu of such libation 
(Pheedo, s. f.). Neglect of the worship of Ceres 
was one of the charges against Socrates (Esch., 
p- 170.): hence it might be inferred that Socrates 
was opposed to agriculture as well as to law. 
T. J. Buckton. 
Lichfield, 
THE TWO-HEADED EAGLE, 
(2"" §. i. 73.) 
The origin of the device of the eagle on national 
and royal banners may be traced to very early 
times. It was the ensign of the ancient kings of 
Persia and of Babylon. The Romans adopted 
various other figures on their camp standards ; 
but Marius, B.c. 102, made the eagle alone the 
ensign of the legions, and confined the other 
figures to the cohorts. From the Romans the 
French, under the empire, adopted the eagle. 
The emperors of the Western Roman Empire 
used a black eagle; those of the East a golden 
one. The sign of the golden eagle, met with in 
taverns, is in allusion to the emperors of the East. 
Since the time of the Romans, almost every 
state that has assumed the designation of an 
empire, has taken the eagle for its ensign: 
Austria, Russia, Prussia, Poland, and France, all 
took the eagle, 
The two-headed eagle signifies a double empire. 
The emperors of Austria, who claim to be con- 
sidered the successors of the Czesars of Rome, use 
the double-headed eagle, which is the eagle of the 
eastern emperors with that of the western, typi- 
fying the “ Holy Roman Empire,” of which the 
emperors of Germany (now merged in the house 
of Austria) considered themselves as the repre- 
sentatives. Charlemagne was the first to use it, 
for when he became master of the whole of the 
German Empire, he added the second head to the 
eagle, a.p. 802, to denote that the empires of 
Rome and Germany were united in him. 
As it is among birds the king, and being the 
emblem of a noble nature, from its strength of 
wing and eye, and its courage, as also of conscious 
strength and innate power, the eagle has been 
universally preferred as the continental emblem 
of sovereignty. - 
Of the different eagles of heraldry, the black 
eagle is considered the most noble, especially 
when blazoned on a golden shield. The origin of 
the Austrian, Polish, and Russian eagle is thus 
related in A. Barrington’s Lectures on Heraldry : 
“Varus, the Roman proconsul and governor of Syria, 
A.D. 10, being made commander-in-chief of the legions in 
Germany, was surprised by the enemy, and his army cut 
to pieces. The Romans lost two of their standards, a 
black eagle and a white one. The black eagle was seized 
