150 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
which existed here in considerable numbers. The Pholas burrows perpendicularly into the mud and 
sand in shallow water, along the coast, and the shells at this locality occupy precisely the same 
position: they are found standing vertically in the clay, which was once soft mud—showing that 
they lived and died where we find them. 
Bands of iron ore are found overlying the clay at the bottom of the ravine, associated with a 
thin seam of rich yellow ochre. In another ravine pieces of silicified wood are found, and impres- 
sions of leaves, in a purplish clay. 
The whole of this rests on a bed of dark colored sand and clay, in which I found, at Gates’s 
quarry, casts of Turretella Mortoni and Cardita planicosta. 
The sub-soil of this region consists of the yellowish loam to which I have alluded, as extending 
from the Congaree to the Court House. At Warley’s store, a few miles distant, the bed of silicious 
clay, containing Eocene fossils, is seen distinctly, overlaid by the green sand of Stout’s Creek, 
which thins out on the side of the hill at this place, Now this green sand underlies the calcareous 
beds of Cave Hall and Half-way Swamp, and hence the Buhr-stone formation passes under these 
beds. Fig. 30 represents a section from Lang Syne to Stout’s Creek. 
Fig. 30. 
1.—Beds exposed at the bluff near the Congaree. 2.—Lang Syne. 3.—Silicious beds, with fossils. 4.—Green 
sand. 5,—Warley’s store. 6.—Stout’s creek. 
Proceeding towards the Court House, accompanied by Dr. Barratt, who rendered me very impor- 
tant assistance in all my explorations here, we found, on the road, near the head branches of Half- 
way Swamp, thick beds of sand, containing water-worn nodules of marl, and a log of silicified 
wood, of considerable size. Immediately beneath this is a bed of yellow, tenacious clay, with part- 
ings of fine sand and scales of mica. Between the laminz of the clay we found very distinct im- 
pressions of the leaves of the oak, beech, and willow, with their most minute veins preserved. 
This and the locality already described, are the only ones known where fossil vegetable remains 
have been found in the Eocene of the United States, with the exception of silicified wood and lig- 
nite, which are every where abundant. 
The next locality to be examined occurs at Belle Broughton, Mr. Darby’s place, on Halfway 
Swamp. Here a ledge of the clay bed, about fifteen feet in thickness, is laid bare, on the banks of 
the creek, near Stewart’s old mill. Following it down stream, to its junction with the marl and 
green sand, which rises above the surface gradually from Hale’s mill, a point from which I had 
traced it on a former occasion, we had, after a laborious search, the pleasure of seeing the green 
sand and marl overlying the bed of silicious clay. This is by far the most satisfactory locality for 
observing the juxtaposition of the Buhr-stone formation and calcareous beds. For the green sand 
is well developed, and is overlaid by thick strata of marl. The green sand is seen thinning out, 
