230 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
composition, or, in other words, it must contain several of the elements of the crop to which it is to 
be applied. 2 
The following tables exhibit the composition of the usual substances constituting farm-yard 
manure. 
Human Excrements.* 
1000 parts, when dried, gave 132 of ash, composed as follows. 
Carbonate: of sodas2e2 22s es-6)- 2. = 4 -e pee ee 8 
Sulphate of soda, with a little sulphate of potash, 
and phosphatelofesodass =e 52-4 
Phosphate of lime and magnesia. and a trace of gyp- 
SUM y= oe ee erate aye ay eee ein 100 
Hop cf eat cy ns Bil a ane ER, ir See ee ey 16 
132 
Excretions of the Horse. 
In twenty-four hours the dried excretions amounted to 8.1 lbs. composed 
as follows. 
Carbon: 2)oesees — Gee Sea eee eee see 38.6 
Ely ROP ene eae a eee ane eee ee 5.0 
Oxyeent Sees e a eer eee eee oeemaeeae 36.4 
Nitrogen tees. eee re eee toe teach een= 2.0 
Saltssandgearth#e 2e= 35 ee ee eet ae eee ees Whe 
Excretions of the Cow. 
Weight of dried excretions in twenty-four hours, 10.9 lbs. composition as 
follows. 
Carbone: = 26s se 22 oe eee Soe eee eee 39.8 
Hydroren Sof 025) S AVES cers ne cco ae oe 4.7 
Oxyeonze Bae See See = ee eee eee 30:5 
Nitrogen Soe seen Se. so eee cea nena eS 2.6 
Sals ‘andjearth==*-- 2-1 e oes eee ae eee 17.4 
100.0 
Excretions of the Hog. 
Age, six to eight months, average weight of excrements, dried, in twen- 
ty-four hours, 1.6 Ibs. composition— 
Garbont ost eeee = 2). fae e eee ol eae 38.7 
Elvdrogenk Ssecemee = <2 kos eee eens ee 48 
ORE oe St a aaa ee 32.5 
Nitrogen Bee eee ae oe See eee Soe 3.4 
Salts and Covi hee... 78 eee eee eee, SEONG 
100.0 
The salts mentioned in the compositions of these excretions are the inorganic elements of the food 
of the animals, as already mentioned, and are composed of soda, potash, lime, magnesia, &c. Of 
these excretions the liquid portions are the most valuable, as containing a large proportion of amo- 
nical salts, and phosphates. 
The litter, which forms a large part of the bulk of farm-yard manure, usually consists of wheat 
and oat straw, and other refuse of the crops. Corn stalks and leaves are, with us, freely used. 
* Berzelius. 
