22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1958 
EXPLORATION AND FIELDWORK 
Documentary research revealed the existence of an 18th-century 
courthouse on the south bank of Potomac Creek across from Mar]- 
borough Town, Va. To verify the 1743 land survey and to locate 
and determine the type of structure, F. M. Setzler, head curator, de- 
partment of anthropology, directed archeological excavations on the 
Williams site south of Stony Point. During the week of August 
19-28, 1957, in collaboration with C. Malcolm Watkins, acting curator 
of cultural history, and Prof. Oscar Darter of Mary Washington 
College, Fredericksburg, Va., he exposed the brick foundation of a 
T-shaped building, which in genera! outline and size resembled the 
1780 type of courthouses, such as those now extant in Hanover, King 
William, and Charles City Counties, Va. This project is one phase 
of a research program begun in 1956 at Marlborough Town. 
During the period October 7 to November 22, 1957, Head Curator 
Setzler excavated the Welcome Mound along the Ohio River in West 
Virginia. The excavation of this large prehistoric Indian mound 
was made possible through the generous cooperation of the Colum- 
bia-Southern Chemical Corporation, on whose property the mound 
was located. The company furnished laborers, bulldozer, an en- 
gineer, and laboratory facilities. The mound measured 110 feet in 
diameter and 20 feet in height. Even though the quantity of arti- 
facts was limited, the quality exceeded objects from other mounds 
of this cultural horizon. On the basis of potsherds and projectile 
points, Welcome Mound is classified as a middle Adena site represent- 
ing a period of approximately 500 B.C. The most important artifact 
recovered was a carved effigy tubular smoking pipe in the form of a 
shoveler duck’s head and neck, found at the right knee of one of the 
adult skeletons. Two others were buried at the base of the mound. 
In the mouth cavity of one of these skeletons the canine tooth of a 
mountain lion was found. Based on evidence from other Adena 
mounds, this tooth could indicate that the body had been interred 
wearing a mountain-lion facial mask. In connection with this archeo- 
logical research program, Mr. Setzler visited the Ohio State Museum, 
Columbus, and the University of Kentucky Museum, Lexington, from 
April 28 to May 4, 1958, to examine and study the collections of 
archeological material excavated from other Adena mounds in those 
States. He also examined collections from other prehistoric cultural 
levels looking toward the future medernization of the Museum’s ex- 
hibition halls pertaining to American archeology. 
From October 9, 1957, to January 14, 1958, Dr. T. Dale Stewart, 
curator of physical anthropology, was in Baghdad, Iraq, restoring, 
studying, and making casts of the Neanderthal skeleton that had been 
discovered in Shanidar Cave, northern Iraq, by Dr. Ralph S. Solecki 
