TOOLS MAKYTH MAN—OAKLEY 44] 
of other animals it would be surprising if man and the Australo- 
pithecines 7 had remained contemporaries in the same area over very 
long periods of time, for closely related forms with similar require- 
ments rarely occupy the same area simultaneously.” 
Fic. 2.—Two of the 58 stone artifacts found in layer of red-brown breccia containing teeth 
of Australopithecus at Sterkfontein, Transvaal. Upper: Pebble-tool of Oldowan type, in 
diabase, described as utilized hammerstone. Lower: Bifacially flaked core in quartzite, 
possibly used as chopper; prototype of hand ax. It is noteworthy that diabase and 
quartzite are foreign to the site, and therefore were carried there. (After R. J. Mason, 
Archaeological Survey of S. Africa, by courtesy of the editors of Nature.) 
Brain’s discovery has now shown that pebble tools were made at the 
very site where Australopithecus occurred. 
At the present time there is general agreement among paleonotolo- 
gists that the Australopithecine breccia at Sterkfontein is of Late 
Villafranchian (Lower Pleistocene) age. On the other hand Dr. 
‘The authors were assuming that the Australopithecines were nontoolmakers, in contra- 
distinction to man, 
