THE RESTORED SHANIDAR I SKULL-—STEWART 479 
enumerated) make the Shanidar I skull a most valuable addition to 
the list of examples of ancient man. 
There remains to point out a few morphological details which the 
eye does not detect immediately, or which are not visible, in the pic- 
tures. I direct attention first to the flatness of the face in the infra- 
orbital region. The lack of a fossa in this place—so common in mod- 
ern man—together with the elongation of this portion of the face, gives 
an impression of unusual massiveness. A correspondingly large an- 
trum fills the inside of this part of the face from the orbit to the roots 
of the teeth. Also, curiously, the floor of the nasal aperture does not 
go straight back as in modern man, but slopes down rapidly and levels 
off more than 1 cm. below the bottom of the aperture (see pl.5). Note, 
too, that there are numerous little foramina in the facial bones, es- 
pecially about the orbits. 
Next, I would point out the wear of the teeth. In the molar areas 
this wear has eliminated much of the enamel and has created a flat 
occlusal surface. More peculiar is the wear of the anterior teeth, the 
incisors and canines particularly, which consists not only in the loss 
of all the enamel, but in more extreme wear anteriorly and posteriorly 
than in the center and on the sides. Thus the acclusal surface of each 
of these teeth is smoothly curved in the anterior-posterior axis with 
the convexity of the curve meeting that of the opposed tooth. Wear 
of this type likely was associated with the habitual holding of objects 
between the front teeth rather than with ordinary chewing of food. 
I was much impressed also by the robustness of the lower lateral inci- 
sors, which in modern man often are quite diminutive. The missing 
central incisors may have been even larger. 
In this connection it is noteworthy that the lower jaw has been well 
sculptured by attaching muscles. This is particularly true of the 
underside of the symphysis where there are well-defined depressions 
for the origins of the genioglossus, geniohyoid, and digastric muscles. 
The large and asymmetrical ascending rami are also interesting. In 
reconstructing the tips of the coronoid processes I may not have ex- 
tended them enough. Both glenoid processes have lateral tubercles 
and the articular surface of the left process is abnormally flattened. 
It is not clear to me whether this alteration is associated with tooth 
wear or with the facial injuries described above. On the lingual side 
of the ascending rami the mylohyoid canals have remained open. 
Finally, I would direct attention to the auditory meatus, which 
have their circular outlines altered by exostoses. On each side the 
lumen is almost occluded by these bony growths. So farasIam aware 
5This can be further explained now by the fact that Shanidar I had no right hand 
and therefore used the front teeth for holding objects (see Stewart, 1959). 
492520—59. 32 
