480 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1958 
now, ear exostoses have not been found before in ancient man. In 
modern man the incidence of this abnormality is quite variable. It is 
not yet clear what causes them. 
Many other details remain to be described, but for the most part 
they need to be evaluated in terms of comparative data. At least these 
initial comments will serve to make the pictures more intelligible and 
thus give a broad idea of the importance of the specimen. It should 
be remembered, however, that physical type is incompletely revealed 
by even the best description of the skull alone. When I am able to 
add more to the description of the skull and to present the evidence 
from the rest of the skeleton, the evolutionary position of the first 
Mousterian adult from Shanidar will become clearer. 
REFERENCES 
BouLs, MARCELLIN. 
1911-138. L’homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints. Ann. Paléont., Paris, 
vol. 6, pp. 111-171; vol. 7, pp. 21-192; vol. 8, pp. 1-70; pls. 1-19. 
Coon, CARLETON 8. 
1957. The seven caves: Archeological exploration in the Middle East. 338 
pp. New York. 
HrpuicK A, ALES. 
1935. Ear exostoses. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 93, No. 6, 100 pp. 
McCown, THEODORE D., and KEITH, Str ARTHUR. 
1939. The stone age of Mount Carmel. The fossil human remains from the 
Levalloiso-Mousterian, vol. 2, xxiv + 390 pp., pls. 1-28. Oxford. 
SENYUREK, MUZAFFER. 
1957a. The skeleton of the fossil infant found in Shanidar Cave, northern 
Iraq. Preliminary report. Anatolia, Rev. Ann. Inst. Archéol., 
Univ. Ankara, vol. 2, pp. 49-55. 
1957b. A further note on the palaeolithic Shanidar infant. Anatolia, Rev. 
Ann. Inst. Archéol., Univ. Ankara, vol. 2, pp. 111-120. 
SoLECKI, RALPH S. 
1957a. Shanidar Cave. Sci. Amer., vol. 197, No. 5, pp. 58-64. 
1957b. Two Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar Cave. Sumer, vol. 13, 
Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 59-60. 
Stewart, T. D. 
1951. The problems of earliest claimed representatives of Homo sapiens. 
Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., vol. 15, pp. 97-107. 
1959. Restoration and study of the Shanidar i Neanderthal skeleton in 
Baghdad, Iraq. Yearbook Amer. Philos. Soe. for 1958, pp. 274-278. 
®°T have learned since that Shanidar I is not unique in this regard. In describing the 
ear openings of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Boule (1913, p. 44) says, ‘‘Ces orifices présentent 
quelques exostoses. L’orifice gauche est rétréci vers son milieu par des productions osseuses 
qui lui donnent une forme en sablier.”” Apparently Hrdlitka failed to observe this for he 
says (1935, p. 79): “It is not known, and will probably never be determined, when in the 
existence of man the abnormality of ear exostoses made its first appearance. No case of 
the growths has as yet been reported in early (geologically ancient) man, and none even 
from the Neolithic period, though that does not necessarily mean that they were absent.”’ 
