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much lighter, there being a white patch, including part of the 
inner webs of the five outer quills; the coverts barred with 
white, their ground colour being, toward the base, light ferrugin- 
ous, toward the end deep brown ; the tail deep brown, barred 
with greyish and reddish, or marked with alternate bars of 
brown and brownish grey, the last dark bar being the broadest, 
and the tips reddish-white ; nine dark bars on the middle, and 
ten on the lateral feathers; on the lower surface the prevailing 
colour brown, of a lighter shade than the upper; on the fore- 
neck spotted, on the ‘breast barred, with white ; the tibial feathers 
brown, tipped with ferruginous. 
Length, 21°5 inches; extent of wings, 50. 
These differences between the adult male, and the adult 
female, I have found to be very constant, although individuals 
of each sex vary considerably. 
Variations. Males vary, in having the white of the lower 
parts, more or less extended, and the streaks and spots of greater 
or less breadth. Sometimes the white is so extended on both 
surfaces, that it might be said to form the ground colour, which 
is then merely spotted with brown. Females differ also in the 
extent of the white spots and bars beneath, but they are always 
darker and more uniformly coloured than the males. Great 
differences are observed in the number of the scutella, and I 
have seen a male, which had none on the fore part of the tibia, 
it having been covered with small scales. When the feathers 
are old, they become very ragged and pointed, change from deep 
glossy brown to greyish-brown, with the edges yellowish or 
even whitish-brown; so that individuals in this state, seem very 
different from those of which the plumage is fresh, and in those 
which are moulting, the contrast between the old and new 
feathers is very conspicuous. 
Youne. A male shot in October, having its plumage com- 
plete, and known to be a young bird by the softness and vas- 
cularity of its bones, was as follows : 
The cere and soft margins of the bill greenish-yellow, the iris 
hazel, the tarsi and toes, yellow with a tinge of green, the bills and 
claws black. ‘The upper part of the head, and the hind-neck are 
dark brown, longitudinally streaked with yellowish-white, the 
lateral margins of the feathers being of that colour. The rest 
of the upper parts deep brown, glossed with purple, all the 
feathers laterally margined with light-red ; the scapulars and 
some of the large wing-coverts, with several bands of white on 
their inner webs, of which the edge is mottled with reddish. 
The hind part of the back is of a uniform dark brown; but the 
upper tail coverts are barred with light red. The primary 
~~ aie 
