Il8 TRANSACTIONS OK ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



with different standards. It is hardly possible to imagine 

 a more barbarous method. Why not take the ton (or 50 cubic 

 feet), or simply the cubic foot, as the standard measure ? 



Chapter V. deals with the Methods of Scaling Logs ; that 

 is to say, the instruments for scaling, methods of measuring 

 the diameters and lengths, allowance for defects, and the rules 

 for scaling used in Forest Reserves. 



Chapter VI. brings us at last to the Determination of the 

 Contents of Logs in Cubic Feet. We were glad to be informed 

 that the cubic foot is already used extensively in the United 

 States, but even then the volume is finally expressed in 

 board feet or other units common in commerce. What use the 

 cubic foot is, under these circumstances, is difficult to see. 

 The chapter goes into the minutest details of the case, showing 

 how logs should be mt- asured, the instruments used, formulae for de- 

 termining the cubic contents in quite a variety of ways, including 

 the full volume in the round, the quarter-girth method, and others. 



Chapter VII. deals with the Cubic Contents of Squared Logs. 



Chapter VIII. brings the Measurement of Cord Wood, 

 Stacked, and the Solid Contents in a Stacked Cord. 



Chapter IX. deals with the Contents of Entire Felled Trees, 

 or a combination of what has gone before. 



Chapter X. deals with the Determination of the Height of 

 Standing Trees. Here we leave American soil, and go for 

 a promenade to Germany, France, England, Austria, and 

 Switzerland. The instruments dealt with in detail are those 

 of Faustmann, Weise, Christen, Klausner, Winckler, Brandis, 

 Gaulier, Abney and others. All these have been described 

 in various European books. When we come to the "choice" 

 of a height-measure, we were not a little surprised to find that 

 Mr Graves considers Klausner's height-measurer the best of 

 the small instruments for accurate scientific work, and 

 F"austmann's measurer for general forest work. When it is 

 considered that Klausner's instrument either necessitates a 

 stand or must be screwed into a tree, and that, moreover, the 

 clumsy sighting rule is quite unnecessary (since the ray from the 

 eye is much straighter than a metal rule), we can only come 

 to the conclusion that Mr Graves cannot have used the instru- 

 ment in the field on an extensive scale. As to Faustmann's 

 measurer, its theory is perfect, but the instrument is very delicate 

 for work in the forest, and we certainly prefer Weise's instrument 



