USE AND ORIGIN OF SURNAMES. 27 
by the article «. In subsequent writers, however, 
the article 6, as well as iwc, was omitted. Thus 
in Thucydides ®adrwe Eparoxdedov—literally, Pha- 
lius of Eratocleides.* 
The usage as to proper names among the 
Romans differed in general from that among the 
Greeks; for the usual custom was to designate 
particular persons by three names—the preenomen, 
the nomen, and the cognomen, as Caius Julius 
Cesar; but the way of pointing out the persons 
of individuals by a like reference to the father 
was not unknown. ‘Thus in Cicero we find Caius 
Caii filius—Caius the son of Caius; Tib. Grac- 
chus Publi filius.f— From this we infer, that the 
* Wiclif, who translated the new testament into English 
from the vulgate Latin, expresses himself in the same mau- 
ner; thus, ‘James of Zebede,’ and ‘James Alfeye,’—[the 
correct reading was probably ‘ of Alfeye’.|—See Matt. x. 2. 
+ The Roman way of introducing the names of strangers, 
both Greeks and others, is worthy of remark. Thus in 
Cicero we have Thebanus Epaminondas, Lysias Pythagoreus, 
Syracusius Dio, Alexander Pherzus, Superior Dionysius, 
Viriatus Lusitanus—with many more after the same manner. 
In cases, indeed, where a distinct designation was plainly 
unnecessary, the bare name was considered sufficient. Thus, 
Aristides, Socrates, Alexander, Cyrus, &c. In Greek also 
names occur, in which the personal distinction is marked by 
