24 PAPERS, ETC. 



both in Normandy and in this countiy. It was nsually 

 Square or oblong ; one or two Squares in height, having the 

 common flat Norman buttresses rising from a plinth, and 

 dying into the wall a llttle below its summit ; those at the 

 end of each side usually join at the angles, and being 

 carried above the top of the wall, form square turrets at 

 the angles of the building, The openings in the lower 

 part of the keep are mere loops, those in the upper story 

 which contained the prlncipal apartments, are Norman 

 Windows of the usual form, somethnes double. Whether 

 these keeps were finished with a battlement, or piain 

 parapet, it is impossible to decide with any degree of cer- 

 tainty, as those which remain are probably later additions. 

 The entrance to the keep was, in most cases, by an arched 

 doorway upon the first floor, near one of the corners, the 

 staircase leading to which is contained in a smaller square 

 tower, placed against the side of the main building. New- 

 castle and Castle Rising, are very fine and perfect specimens 

 of this style of fortifications. This keep, together with 

 the walls of tbe enceinte, of which in some cases it formed 

 a part, and within which the other buildings for the accom- 

 modation of the garrison were situated, was surrounded by 

 a moat, either wet or dry, according to the circumstances 

 of the locality, and together with a lofty artificial raound, 

 constituted the usual fabric of a Norman Castle. During 

 the thirteenth Century, a more scientific style of fortifica- 

 tion was gradually introduced, in which flanking towers, 

 enabling the garrison to defend the intermediate curtain 

 wall from salient points, superseded the massive structures, 

 whose passive strength had been the chief dependence of 

 the Norman engineers; and in the reign of Edward I., the 

 second type of Enghsh Castle, known as the Edwardian, or 

 concentric, was fuUy developed. We now, in place of a 



